Dalla Barba, Beatrice; Di Giorgio, Elisa; Lunghi, Marco; Regolin, Lucia; Rugani, Rosa; Simion, Francesca; Vallortigara, Giorgio (2019). A Mental Number Line in Human Newborns. Developmental Science, v22 n6 e12801 Nov. Humans represent numbers on a mental number line with smaller numbers on the left and larger numbers on the right side. A left-to-right oriented spatial-numerical association, (SNA), has been demonstrated in animals and infants. However, the possibility that SNA is learnt by early exposure to caregivers' directional biases is still open. We conducted two experiments: in Experiment 1, we tested whether SNA is present at birth and in Experiment 2, we studied whether it depends on the relative rather than the absolute magnitude of numerousness. Fifty-five-hour-old newborns, once habituated to a number (12), spontaneously associated a smaller number (4) with the left and a larger number (36) with the right side (Experiment 1). SNA in neonates is not absolute but relative. The same number (12) was associated with the left side rather than the right side whenever the previously experienced number was larger (36) rather than smaller (4) (Experiment 2). Control on continuous physical… [Direct]

Esteva, Gustavo; Prakash, Madhu Suri (1998). Escaping Education: Living as Learning within Grassroots Cultures. Counterpoints: Studies in the Postmodern Theory of Education, Vol. 36. This book challenges the modern certainty that education is a universal good and a human right and celebrates the well-being still enjoyed in the commons and cultures of people living at the grassroots. The first section describes how education is an instrument of acculturation. Within two generations of formal schooling, people are separated from their language and culture and are dependent upon Western culture's "rights" and the rewards of the market economy that can only be obtained through further education. In spite of the genuine concerns of multicultural educators and their efforts to preserve cultures, multicultural education is an oxymoron because a culture cannot be adequately represented, preserved, or transmitted by an institution designed to transmit another's culture. The second section describes grassroots postmodernism as an ethos of women and men who are liberating themselves from the oppression of modern society. Examples are given of instances in Mexico,…

Nordland, Eva, Ed. (1994). Project for Ecological and Cooperative Education (P.E.A.C.E.). Report from the Meeting (Kornhaug, Norway, March 7-10, 1994). Peace Education Reports No. 12. The essence of peace education is to involve the students in expectations about possible changes in the direction of a cooperative and caring planet, to create attitudes through involving young and old in caring and protecting activities, and to make it possible to turn some of the caring and protecting activities into habits. These are some of the core ideas of the project for Ecological and Cooperative Education (PEACE), a cross national project with participants from Russia, Ukraine, Slovenia, Croatia, the United States, and the Scandinavian countries. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions on ecological and cooperative education at the project's meeting in Norway, in March, 1994. The report is divided into 7 parts. Part 1 focuses on human rights and security and contains three articles: (1) "Children's Rights" (Annelise Droyer); (2) "Good Neighbors, We and They" (Willard G. Jacobson; Carol W. Jacobson); and (3) "Education as Part of… [PDF]

Singer, Alan, Ed. (2002). Issues for the 21st Century. Social Science Docket, v2 n2 Sum-Fall. This publication is dedicated to social studies education at all levels. Articles and teaching ideas in this issue are: "Defending Multicultural Education, Academic Freedom, and Democracy in the Wake of 9/11/01" (A. Singer); "Teachers Respond to 'Defending Multicultural Education'"; "'Any Other Day': Dealing with the Tragedy of the World Trade Center Disaster" (L. Klein); "Civic Learning through Deliberation" (R. H. McKenzie; L. Hellerman); "Representative Democracy: A New Perspective" (A. Rosenthal; M. Fisher); "Defending First Amendment Rights in Schools" (M. Pezone); "Human Rights Education at the Dawn of the 21st Century" (D. N. Banks); "Nuclear Controversy: Sourcebook for an Inquiry Curriculum" (A. Shapiro); "A History of Great Britain and the U.S. in the Middle East" (A. Singer); "Understanding a Globalized World" (P. Bell); "Book Reviews"; "Talking with Children… [PDF]

Fredriksson, Ulf (2004). Studying the Supra-National in Education: GATS, Education and Teacher Union Policies. European Educational Research Journal, v3 n2 p415-441. This article starts by putting the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) into a general context of privatisation. It is noted that the privatisation process is in many cases complex and not only about full-scale privatisation of schools. The growing trade in education must be seen in this context. GATS is not an agreement which deals with educational issues from a political or educational perspective, but from a commercial and trade perspective. The purpose of GATS is to liberalise trade in services, which also includes education. Commitments made in GATS negotiations are difficult to withdraw and the protection of commercial interests which GATS provides is stronger than the protection of human rights, in, for example, the Convention of the Right of the Child. The protection given in GATS to public services, including public education, is ambiguous at best and in many cases open to interpretation by Trade Dispute Panels. It can be assumed that such panels will deal with some… [Direct]

Hunter, Kathleen (2002). The War Relocation Camps of World War II: When Fear Was Stronger Than Justice. Teaching with Historic Places. In spite of facing continual discrimination, Japanese and Japanese Americans living on the U.S. west coast made lives for themselves. On December 7, 1941, everything changed. After the attack on Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), individuals saw every Japanese or Japanese American as a potential spy, ready and willing to assist in a mainland invasion at any moment. In February 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order that moved nearly 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans into 10 isolated relocation centers in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. This lesson is based on the National Register of Historic Places files "Manzanar War Relocation Center" and "Rowher Relocation Center Memorial Cemetery," and other related materials. The lesson can be used in an U.S. history unit about World War II or in a social studies unit about human rights. It cites National History Standards, objectives for students, and materials needed. The… [PDF]

Majhanovich, Suzanne (1998). Unscrambling the Semantics of Canadian Multiculturalism. This paper explores the evolution of multiculturalism in the Canadian context. Some opponents of multiculturalism in Canada detect in the ideology an undermining of a unique Canadian identity in favor of hyphenated Canadians, while proponents see the hyphenation as adding richness and color to the Canadian character. This controversy is nothing new. In Canada, as in the Untied States, citizens have been struggling with the issue of reconciling diversity into national identity. The United States and Canada have dealt with cultural and ethnic diversity in two different ways, with the "melting pot" the goal for U.S. society, and the "mosaic" the goal for Canadian. The multicultural reality of Canada is enshrined in the Charter of Rights enacted in 1982 as an official policy for the Federal government. However, much of the work to promote multiculturalism falls into the purview of education, a responsibility of the provinces, and each has been free to commit to the…

Lumadi, Mutendwahothe Walter (2020). Fostering an Equitable Curriculum for All: A Social Cohesion Lens. Education as Change, v24 Article 5657. The discourse of equal education in the South African education system is polemical, and achieving its aim is a daunting task. The premise of this study affirms that fostering an equitable curriculum for all is essential for social cohesion. The achievement of greater equity through schooling is vital to society and national identity because the citizenry purports to believe in the universal right to pursue quality life for all. I contend that curriculum implementation should reject the dominant miseducation within society that enables and legitimises the inequitable treatment of its citizenry, at the expense of democracy. It is worth noting that all human beings are created equal and endowed with certain inalienable rights, among which are life and liberty. A qualitative approach was employed in the study. An equitable curriculum must strive to include the lives of all those in society, especially the marginalised and dominated. Undemocratic, persistent inequities exist in the… [Direct]

Bashar, Md Abul; Cathcart, Abby; Cunningham, Samuel; Laundon, Melinda; Nayak, Richi (2023). First, Do No Harm: Automated Detection of Abusive Comments in Student Evaluation of Teaching Surveys. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, v48 n3 p377-389. Student evaluation of teaching (SET) surveys are the most widely used tool for collecting higher education student feedback to inform academic quality improvement, promotion and recruitment processes. Malicious and abusive student comments in SET surveys have the potential to harm the wellbeing and career prospects of academics. Despite much literature highlighting abusive feedback in SET surveys, little research attention has been given to methods for screening student comments to identify and remove those that may cause harm to academics. This project applied innovative machine learning techniques, along with a dictionary of keywords to screen more than 100,000 student comments made via a university SET during 2021. The study concluded that these methods, when used in conjunction with a final stage of human checking, are an effective and practicable means of screening student comments. Higher education institutions have an obligation to balance the rights of students to provide… [Direct]

Danille Elise Christensen; Jordan Lovejoy; Katherine Borland (2023). Ethnographic Collections in the Classroom: Teaching Research and Composition through Community-Centered Archives. Journal of Folklore and Education, v10 n1 p58-73. Instructors of Language Arts, History, and Social Studies in the United States are tasked with helping their pupils compare perspectives across time and space. They must teach students how to locate and contextualize varied source materials–and help them develop research, writing, and citing strategies in the process. Standards of learning across the country also require students to analyze claims and practice writing for specific audiences, and to explain and analyze important social issues in the present and recent past, including civil rights, gender politics, technological and institutional change, and human migrations. Allowing students to explore, interpret, and create ethnographic materials is one way to achieve all these objectives. Large ethnographic archives, including materials provided online by the Library of Congress, offer enormous and often easily accessible riches to K-16 faculty and students. This essay explores what is to be gained from working with ethnographic… [PDF]

(1990). Directory of Unesco Information Services: Library, Archives, and Documentation Centres = Repertoire des Services d'information de l'Unesco: bibliotheque, archives et centres de documentation. Although primarily a directory of Unesco documentation centers and information units, this guide also provides information on the Main Library and the Unesco Archives. The listing for each of the nine centers includes information on any subdivisions of the center: (1) Bureau for Co-ordination of Operational Activities (BAO); (2) Culture and Communication Sector (CC–includes documentation and copyright centers); (3) Education Sector (ED–includes the International Bureau of Education, the documentation and computerized management service, and the International Institute of Educational Planning); (4) Non Governmental Organizations (NGO–includes the International Association of Universities/Unesco Information Center on Higher Education and the Unesco International Council of Museum-Documentation Center); (5) Office of Public Information (OPI–includes the Office of Public Information Documentation Center; Film and Video Archives; Division for Audio-visual Information-Photo,…

Carael, Michel; De Lay, Paul; Massoud, Nicole (2004). Has the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS Made a Difference?. New Directions for Evaluation, n103 p49-64 Fall. Over the past twenty years, strategies adopted by governments affected by human immunodeficiency virus and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) have gradually changed to ensure a more holistic and effective response to the epidemic. Two major shifts have occurred. Countries have moved from a strictly \health\ to a \multisector\ approach, and broad interventions have emerged that focus not only on the individual but also on structural issues. An increased range of actors from the civil society and the private sector have joined countries in the struggle against HIV/AIDS. In some countries, the civil society has played an instrumental role in providing a sense of urgency and conscience among stakeholders. This sense of common purpose culminated with the adoption of a Declaration of Commitment by 189 member states, acting on behalf of governments in June 2001 at the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS). The declaration covers numerous areas… [Direct]

Burkett, Jerry R.; Hayes, Sonya D. (2018). Social Media and the First Amendment: Educators' Trap Game. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, v21 n2 p52-64 Jun. Monica Williams, a beloved counselor of an urban middle school, is shocked to learn that she is being terminated for a comment she made on Facebook. This case was developed for use in an educational leadership course for students to evaluate an educator's right to freedom of speech in relation to social media. Instructors can use the case to encourage dialogue around legal issues and ethical considerations of an individual's rights versus community standards. The discussion questions are designed to guide students in analyzing the scenario through legal policies, ethical considerations, and human resource issues…. [Direct]

(2022). 21st Century Tools for Researchers and Practitioners: Using Automated Tools for Knowledge Curation. Abt Associates Internet search engines have empowered citizens in their quest for seeking insights on a multitude of issues. Knowledge curation and evidence review requires systematic and rigorous fact-finding, baseline subject matter expertise, and the right tool to work at scale. Finding and summarizing knowledge has a direct impact on the research and dissemination of evidencebased practices and novel approaches, and on improved outcomes of interest. Literature reviews are the most common methodology for knowledge curation but are limited by lack of human resources and the sheer number of publications available. It is estimated that there are approximately 30,000 scientific journals publishing upwards of two million articles every year (Wagner et al., 2021). In this context, subject matter experts benefit from the support of automated tools to provide customized, iterative, and replicable processes. Many of the world's most challenging problems need solutions that move beyond a Google search…. [PDF]

Boyd, Wendy; Islam, Shahidul; Rahman, Arifur (2023). Kindergarten Teachers' Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh. International Journal of Early Years Education, v31 n1 p170-184. Across the world COVID-19 has impacted teachers' lives both professionally and personally. In many parts of the world kindergarten teachers have been able to adapt practices to ensure that children's education and care is provided. However some countries have not responded adequately to support kindergarten teachers' ongoing employment. Bangladesh is one such country. The aim of this study was to understand the experiences of 16 Bangaldeshi kindergarten teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used an interpretive social constructionist approach, with semi-structured interviews of the 16 kindergarten teachers. Findings revealed the 16 participants experienced significant disruption to their professional and personal lives during COVID-19. With the long-term closures of schools and early childhood services, the teachers were found to be significantly impacted resulting in hardship to their personal, physical, human and social lives. Governments are called on to demonstrate… [Direct]

Malone, Melanie (2021). Teaching Critical Physical Geography. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, v45 n3 p465-478. Critical Physical Geography (CPG) emerged as a discipline around 2014 and has since excited many human and physical geographers, as well researchers in political ecology, geomorphology, science and technology, and environmental science whose research, critiques, and methodologies have formed much of the basis of CPG. However, because of its recent emergence as a discipline, and because of the challenges in teaching transdisciplinary methods, there is a scarcity of literature on methods to teach CPG. The needs for these methods are exceedingly important right now as unprecedented, wicked environmental problems of the Anthropocene continue to emerge, and as structures of power, which have artificially separated the study of humans and the environment, are re-evaluated. CPG provides instructors with cross-disciplinary tools to explore environmental problems, and besides its focus on intertwining biophysical and social methodologies, it emphasizes environmental and social justice, as… [Direct]

Robeyns, Ingrid (2006). Three Models of Education: Rights, Capabilities and Human Capital. Theory and Research in Education, v4 n1 p69-84. This article analyses three normative accounts that can underlie educational policies, with special attention to gender issues. These three models of education are human capital theory, rights discourses and the capability approach. I first outline five different roles that education can play. Then I analyse these three models of educational policies. The human capital approach is problematic because it is economistic, fragmentized and exclusively instrumentalistic. Rights and capabilities are in principle multi-dimensional and comprehensive models, and can therefore account for the intrinsic and non-economic roles that education plays. However, depending on how one fills out the specific details of the rights and capability frameworks, they also have some drawbacks. I conclude by arguing that the intrinsic aim of educational policy should be to expand people's capabilities, whereas we should use the rights discourses strategically, that is, when they are likely to contribute to… [Direct]

Krikorian, Maryann (2022). Higher Education for the People: Critical Contemplative Methods of Liberatory Practice. Research on Stress and Coping in Education. IAP – Information Age Publishing, Inc. This monograph aims to uncover value-belief-systems underlying dominant narratives in modern IHEs, impacting the lives of many multidimensional adult learners. To do so, Eurocentrism and neoliberalism are used to analyze the socio-cultural political movements of the U.S. and its influence on higher education trends. Then, models of adult consciousness and transformative approaches to adult learning are introduced to problematize dominant narratives and make the case for more complex epistemologies. With critical contemplation, acts of compassion for interdependence, self-compassion for intentionality, authentic relationships for political consciousness, listening for non-duality, and mindfulness for impermanence (CALM) are introduced as ways to emphasize self-transformation and self-actualization. CALM practice is just one way to join others in the social justice work of wholeness and humanity to better support multidimensional adult learners. Along with this understanding comes the… [Direct]

Sara Bragg (2024). A Logic of Care in / of / for Voice: Tuning-in, Enacting and Assembling in Student Voice Practices and Education. Education 3-13, v52 n6 p843-855. The present moment is beset by many complex challenges. Young people face living with the consequences of decisions being made largely without their consent or involvement. Centering youth voices may be part of the solution. But we need to go beyond liberal, individualist and rights-based models that pay insufficient attention to the enabling conditions of meaningful voice, to temporalities, or to schooling as institution and process. Seeking alternative conceptualizations of voice, this paper draws on Annemarie Mol's work on the 'logic of care' in relation to health services. She describes this as a ceaseless, ongoing, mutual process of attunement to the unpredictable nature of human existence, implicating a range of actors, technologies, resources, materials, meanings, and affects. This description better captures aspects of good — responsive — educational practice. It also resonates with recent feminist scholarship on the posthuman, new materialist and affective dimensions of… [Direct]

Jennifer Classen; Mariko Yang-Yoshihara; Rie Kijima; Sakura Ariga; Tanner Vea (2024). Interactional Role Negotiation among Co-Facilitators in an Online Design Workshop. Classroom Discourse, v15 n2 p161-179. Research has demonstrated the important role of co-teacher communication and planning, but relatively little is understood about co-teacher interactions during the act of teaching itself and how these interactions relate to educators' positionings and ongoing identity development. This paper presents a case study of interaction between two co-facilitators of a team of Japanese youth during a week-long, synchronous, online workshop on human-centred design. One co-facilitator had several years of experience, and the other was a first-timer. Using positioning theory and discourse analysis, we show that the co-facilitators developed a relatively stable pattern of instructional authority delegation, or the social order that guides who has rights and responsibilities over which forms of instructional decision-making. We describe the delegation between the co-teachers in this study as involving 'instructional content authority' and 'instructional language authority', established through… [Direct]

Ambridge, Ben (2020). Abstractions Made of Exemplars or 'You're All Right, and I've Changed My Mind': Response to Commentators. First Language, v40 n5-6 p640-659 Oct-Dec. In this response to commentators, I agree with those who suggested that the distinction between exemplar- and abstraction-based accounts is something of a false dichotomy and therefore move to an abstractions-made-of-exemplars account under which (a) we store all the exemplars that we hear (subject to attention, decay, interference, etc.) but (b) in the service of language use, re-represent these exemplars at multiple levels of abstraction, as simulated by computational neural-network models such as BERT, ELMo and GPT-3. Whilst I maintain that traditional linguistic abstractions (e.g. a DETERMINER category; SUBJECT VERB OBJECT word order) are no more than human-readable approximations of the type of abstractions formed by both human and artificial multiple-layer networks, I express hope that the abstractions-made-of-exemplars position can point the way towards a truce in the language acquisition wars: We were all right all along, just focusing on different levels of abstraction…. [Direct]

Craig, Paul A. (2020). Developing and Applying Computational Resources for Biochemistry Education. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, v48 n6 p579-584 Nov-Dec. Biochemistry is about structure and function, but it is also about data and this is where computers come in. From my time as a graduate student and post doc, whenever I encountered data I thought, "I can work this up by hand, but I think a computer could do a better job." Since that time, I have been working at the interface of biochemistry and computers, by attracting talented students and collaborating with colleagues with complementary skills. This has resulted in several exciting projects: a simulation of 2D electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry, the human visualization project, and two different programs that enable biochemists to search protein structures for enzyme active sites: ProMOL (promol.org) and Moltimate (moltimate.appspot.com). The human side of software development for education involved finding the right students and colleagues, communicating effectively across disciplines, building and managing effective teams and the importance of serendipity… [Direct]

Goodbourn, Patrick T.; Holcombe, Alex O.; Moustafa, Ahmed A.; Nguyen, Elizabeth H. L.; Ransley, Kim (2018). Reading Direction Influences Lateral Biases in Letter Processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, v44 n10 p1678-1686 Oct. Humans have a limited capacity to identify concurrent, briefly presented targets. Recent experiments using concurrent rapid serial visual presentation of letters in horizontally displaced streams have documented a deficit specific to the stream in the right visual field. The cause of this deficit might be either prioritization of the left item based on participants' experience reading from left to right, or a right-hemisphere advantage specific to dual stimulation. Here we test the reading-experience hypothesis by using participants who have experience reading both a language written left-to-right (English) and one written right-to-left (Arabic). When tested with English letters, these participants showed a deficit, of a similar magnitude to that found previously, for reporting the item on the right. However, when the stimuli were Arabic letters the deficit was absent. This suggests that reading direction plays a large role in the second-target deficit. The pattern of participants'… [Direct]

Smith, Arthur A. (1988). Human Subjects and Informed Consent. Research Management Review, v2 n1 p1-4 Spr. The doctrine of informed consent has been enumerated to protect the rights of human subjects involved in biomedical research. The elements of informed consent are summarized along with the changes of emphasis that have evolved. The issue of liability and means for minimizing its impact are discussed. (Author/MLW)…

Aruna Michael Jimola; Folasade Esther Jimola (2024). Female Students and the Field of Engineering: Stemming the Tide of Gender Underrepresentation for Sustainable Development. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, v10 n3 p641-652. Underrepresentation of females in the field of engineering is overwhelming and posing a serious concern to the human race, especially in the developing countries. This has grievous impacts on the socio-economic and environmental growth and development of the nation. The paper seeks to investigate: (i) female students' knowledge of the fields of engineering; (ii) female students' perceptions of what the gender of engineers ought to be; and (iii) the various factors that influence students' career choice in engineering. The study was a descriptive study of the survey type. Data were collected using a self-constructed questionnaire. The sample of the study was 366 public female senior secondary II students who were in science class in Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents were familiar with the traditional disciplines in the field of engineering. The respondents perceived engineering as a male-dominating profession. Personal, family, school, and… [PDF]

Matthews, Percival G.; Meng, Rui; Toomarian, Elizabeth Y. (2019). The Relational SNARC: Spatial Representation of Nonsymbolic Ratios. Cognitive Science, v43 n8 e12778 Aug. Recent research in numerical cognition has begun to systematically detail the ability of humans and nonhuman animals to perceive the magnitudes of nonsymbolic ratios. These relationally defined analogs to rational numbers offer new potential insights into the nature of human numerical processing. However, research into their similarities with and connections to symbolic numbers remains in its infancy. The current research aims to further explore these similarities by investigating whether the magnitudes of nonsymbolic ratios are associated with space just as symbolic numbers are. In two experiments, we found that responses were faster on the left for smaller nonsymbolic ratio magnitudes and faster on the right for larger nonsymbolic ratio magnitudes. These results further elucidate the nature of nonsymbolic ratio processing, extending the literature of spatial-numerical associations to nonsymbolic relative magnitudes. We discuss potential implications of these findings for theories… [Direct]

Cross, George Lynn (1981). Professors, Presidents, and Politicians. Civil Rights and the University of Oklahoma, 1890-1968. Civil rights and academic freedom at the University of Oklahoma from 1890-1968 are examined by George Lynn Cross, president of Oklahoma University in the critical period from 1943 to 1968. The struggle for human rights is examined from the perspectives of teachers, students, administrators, and the community. Chapters include: "The Pioneer President"; "The Reorganization of 1908"; "Reorganization of the Academic Structure"; "The Reorganization of 1911"; "Brooks Strengthens the Presidency–Genesis of the American Association of University Professors"; "Bizzell's Beginnings, Triumphs, and Troubles"; "A Crisis Resolved"; "More of Murray"; "The DDMC Episode"; "A Year of Crisis: 1933"; "Better Days in Prospect?"; "Political Repercussions"; "The 'Red Hunt'–Genesis of the Oklahoms State System of Higher Education"; "Brandt Succeeds Bizzell"; "The…

Dewaele, Jean-Marc, Ed.; Housen, Alex, Ed.; Wei, Li, Ed. (2002). Opportunities and Challenges of Bilingualism. Contributions to the Sociology of Language. This collection of papers examines, from an international perspective, opportunities and challenges of societal bilingualism in the new millennium. The 18 papers include the following: "Introduction: Opportunities and Challenges of Bilingualism" (Li Wei, Jean-Marc Dewaele, and Alex Housen); "'Holy Languages' in the Context of Societal Bilingualism" (Joshua A. Fishman); "Forlorn Hope?" (John Edwards); "When Languages Disappear, are Bilingual Education or Human Rights a Cure? Two Scenarios" (Tove Skutnabb-Kangas); "Core Values and Nation-States" (J.J. Smolicz); "French Language Policy: Centrism, Orwellian 'Dirigisme,' or Economic Determinism" (Harold F. Schiffman); "The Non-Linearity of Language Maintenance and Language Shift: Survey Data from European Language Boundaries" (Peter H. Nelde and Peter Weber); "Language Shift Among Siberian Estonians: Pro and Contra" (Juri Viikberg); "On Attitudes Towards…

(1995). What Should Be the Policy of the United States Government toward the People's Republic of China. National Debate Topic for High Schools, 1995-96. 104th Congress, 1st Session. Sampling the wide spectrum of opinions reflected in the current literature on the topic, this book presents a compilation of materials and bibliographic references designed to assist high school debaters in researching the topic of whether the United States government should substantially change its policy (foreign and economic) toward the People's Republic of China. Materials in the book include "China's Changing Conditions, Issue Brief" (Robert G. Sutter and others); "China after Deng Xiaoping–Implications for the United States" (Robert G. Sutter and James Casey Sullivan); "China's White Paper on Human Rights" (Tao-tai Hsia and Wendy I. Zeldin); "Hong Kong's Political Transition: Implications for U.S. Interests" (James Casey Sullivan and Robert G. Sutter); "National Interest and U.S. Foreign Policy" (Mark M. Lowenthal); "China in World Affairs–U.S. Policy Choices" (Robert G. Sutter); "United States Security…

Churchill, Stacy; Omari, Issa (1981). Evaluation of the Unesco Associated Schools Project in Education for International Co-operation and Peace. In accordance with a mandate from Unesco's 1978 General Conference, an evaluation methodology and instruments were devised to assess the Unesco Associated School's success in encouraging international peace and human rights. The background of this assessment project and a report of evaluation activities are presented in this document. The Associated Schools Project originated in inititatives taken by Unesco in 1953 to help selected schools in Unesco member nations carry out special projects of education for living in a world community. By 1980, the project encompassed more than 1,400 participating institutions in 74 member states. Information is presented in three major sections. Section I describes the evaluation design. During the period June-July 1979, project consultants designed two questionnaires–one to be completed by coordinators of the project at national levels and the other to be filled out by faculty and administration at selected Associated Schools. Questions focused…