(1971). Understanding School Desegregation. The great progress of recent years towards school integration has not been uniform: pockets of resistance remain and the issues involved in school desegregation continue to arouse public controversy and confusion. Sixteen years after the Supreme Court (in Brown vs Topeka) had ruled that school segregation compelled or sanctioned by law unconstitutional, there is still no widespread understanding of the nature and scope of the issues. The Civil Rights Commission believes that public understanding of the issues involved in school desegregation is essential if they are to be resolved satisfactorily. Many of these issues are legal in nature and require careful analysis of relevant court decisions. Other issues involve practical questions concerning the quality of education afforded to the Nation's children. Still others relate to fundamental human and moral questions of national conscience. The Commission speaks out in the hope that it can shed light on the issues and, by so doing,… [PDF]

Bunker, R. Mason (1974). Teacher Education for the Integrated Day. The Integrated Day Teacher Education Program is an attempt to create a model for teacher preparation which will make schools healthy places for teachers and children. It is sensitive to the criticisms leveled at teacher education by observers such as Silberman and attempts to lead teachers to share in decision making, participate actively in learning, and become independent learners in their own right. During the workshop semester, up to 50 undergraduates join 15 or so graduate students in a series of learning experiences which have replaced the conventional methods and curriculum courses. These preservice teachers earn 18 hours of credit for participating in activity-oriented workshops in Multi-Arts, Math and Science, Language Arts and Reading, Curriculum Building, Social Studies, and Human Relations. Workshops are offered during two-and-a-half-hour blocks of time weekly. While learning activities vary widely (from lectures, to slide shows, to task groups, to finance committee… [PDF]

Morris, Sam (1973). A Treatise on Black Studies: The Case and the Course. Part one of this book details eight arguments for the institution of Black Studies in the United Kingdom, among which are the following: The need to redress imbalance and close the gap in mutual appreciation between black and white. A people must stretch back into the past for spiritual sustenance to maintain it in the present. To repair the damage done to black people being misled into the belief of their own backwardness. To help black people rediscover, reassess, reevaluate their identity. To combat the recent resurgence of antiblack literature posing as scientific treatises. To obviate the inevitable waste of human potential when opportunities for greater development are withheld. To emphasize the close affinity between the assertion of rights and the acceptance of responsibilities. To help train the underprivileged minority to play their rightful part in the wider society and indeed to talent spot for potential leaders. Part outlines a course of 36 lessons, which are put…

Marine, Robert A. (1997). Making the Most of Religious Education Using Literature and the Arts To Enliven the Message!. Presented here are guidelines and resources to aid in the use of arts and literature to enhance and enliven religious education. Eight guidelines are suggested: (1) the values of communion, that is, the right relationship between God, neighbor and self, unity in pluralism and the dignity of the human person as an adopted child of God should be seen as core values; (2) the social psychological developmental approach to faith and an emphasis on the spiritual and moral life of young people should guide our selection of resources; (3) the works of Jesuit theologian, Father Avery Dulles, should be considered as guidelines; (4) E. D. Hirsch, Jr.'s Core Knowledge Foundation can be a guide to attaining cultural and religious literacy in a multicultural society; (5) recognition should be made of the contribution of women to arts and literature; (6) the catechetical approach to the use of arts and literature can enliven the message; (7) a story or parable has the potential to bring forth… [PDF]

Datta, Pranati (2004). Push-Pull Factors of Undocumented Migration from Bangladesh to West Bengal: A Perception Study. Qualitative Report, v9 n2 p335-358 Jun. Movement is an integral part of human existence. While talking about transborder migration from Bangladesh to India, we are, however, aware that this is a controversial subject. The partition of Bengal in 1947 was the cruelest partition in the history of the world and caused forced illegal migration from erstwhile East Pakistan. It is estimated that there are about 15 million Bangladeshi nationals living in India illegally. West Bengal has a border running 2,216 km along Bangladesh. The present study highlights push-pull factors of illegal Bangladeshi migration based on perceptions of respondents obtained from a qualitative survey done on the basis of purposive sampling in Kolkata and 24 parganas and two districts of West Bengal (WB), an Indian State. The economic push factors that motivate people to leave Bangladesh are instability and economic depression, poverty, lack of employment opportunity, struggle for livelihood, forced grabbing of landed property from minority group, and… [PDF]

Leung, Christy Y.Y.; McCardle, Peggy (2006). English Language Learners: Development and Intervention–An Introduction. Topics in Language Disorders, v26 n4 p302 Oct-Dec. Nearly one in five Americans speaks a language other than English at home; among Americans speaking languages other than English, the largest single language group is Spanish speaking (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2004). The increase in the total group of language minority individuals has been dramatic, with their proportion in the U.S. population increasing by nearly 50% over the past decade. Thus, it should not be a surprise that English language learning (ELL) students are the fastest growing subgroup in the U.S. public school population, with an annual increase of approximately 10% (U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights, 2003, as cited in McCardle, Mele-McCarthy, Cutting, Leos, & D'Emilio, 2005). To understand the key issues in teaching English literacy to children who are also in the process of learning the English language, and to determine what approaches to instruction are optimal in teaching the largest single-language group–Spanish-speaking students–federal… [Direct]

(1993). People, Animals and the Environment: An Educational Simulation Game. Teacher's Guide and Student Guide. This document consists of a teacher guide and a student guide to an educational simulation game that provides students with an opportunity to examine the relationship between humans and animals, and to explore the roles that animals play in daily life. The teaching technique employed is a student-centered process in which students work cooperatively in small groups to develop research, oral, and written communication skills. The game takes the form of a Congressional hearing on the topic of animal use in the United States. The "Congressional Committee" hears testimony on the use of animals for food, clothing, biomedical research, entertainment, and companionship. In addition, the economic, environmental, and ethical issues associated with animal use are explored. A teacher's guide provides curriculum objectives, instructions for conducting the simulation, and evaluation methods and forms. A student's guide contains an introduction to the activity, the rules of the game,…

(1993). Facing the Millennium: California Community Colleges into the 21st Century. As California's community colleges move into the 21st century, they face the challenges of providing access to affordable, high quality education and becoming sources of economic renewal for the communities they serve. To the measure that they address these issues, the colleges will become key assets for solving the economic and social problems of the state. Economic needs in the next century will include responding to the growth in the service and other sectors of the workforce, providing necessary technical skills training, and providing job retraining. The community colleges are also in a unique position to address the state's vital social needs, including respect for diversity, responsible citizenship, and lifelong learning. However, for the colleges to meet these needs, the following state policy issues must be addressed: (1) the college mission must continue to reflect the changing needs of the state and emphasize the inalienable right to receive access to top quality transfer… [PDF]

Brookshire, Robert H. (1997). Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Fifth Edition. This book provides an overview of the causes and symptoms, and the typical courses, treatments, and outcomes of neurogenic communication disorders. Chapter 1 reviews the human nervous system and neurologic causes of adult communication disorders. Chapter 2 discusses the neurologic assessment and arriving at a diagnosis, including the neurologist's use of the patient's current complaints and medical history, the neurologic examination, and the results of laboratory tests. Chapter 3 addresses the steps for assessing neurogenic communication impairments: (1) reviewing information found in referral documents and medical records; (2) evaluating the consequences of brain damage; and (3) interviewing and testing the patient. Chapter 4 discusses assessment of aphasia and related disorders, including how to assess language and communication, auditory comprehension, reading, speech production, and written expression. The effects of managed care on the assessment of neurogenic communication…

Fossey, Richard; Smith, Michael Clay (1995). Crime on Campus. Legal Issues and Campus Administration. American Council on Education/Oryx Press Series on Higher Education. This book discusses issues related to campus crime and offers administrators suggestions and checklists that can be used to evaluate current procedures and defuse potential problems. Chapters cover: (1) "The Campus: A Sanctuary?"; (2) "The Complexion of Campus Crime Today"; (3) "The Concept of Crime and the Shape of Criminal Law"; (4) "College Liability Resulting from Campus Crime: Resurrection for In Loco Parentis?"; (5) "Lawsuits, Liability, and Risk Management"; (6) "Buildings, Grounds, and Campus Crime"; (7) "Human Sexuality and Crime in Campus Life"; (8) "Searching, Seizing, and Confessing"; (9) "Fraud, Theft, Payoffs, and Other Campus Mischief"; (10) "Alcohol and Drugs as Campus Crime"; (11) "Students, Suds, and Summonses: Strategies for Coping with Campus Alcohol Abuse"; (12) "Firing the Miscreant Employee"; (13) "Victims"; (14) "Responding to…

Gibson, Robert L. (1992). Research and Counselor Education. A hallmark of any profession is the degree to which it has advanced, through research, that body of knowledge which constitutes the core learnings and skills of the discipline. Counselor educators must first ascertain where they have been and what empirical evidence has influenced and provided the foundations for professional actions. A review of 12 introductory textbooks in counselor education revealed which theoretician-researchers' contributions are frequently cited to students. An open-ended questionnaire completed by 24 counselor educators revealed what specific research has influenced how counselor educators function. Individual researchers most frequently cited were Ivey for his microcounseling; Carkhoff for his facilitative conditions studies, and Holland for developing a vocational identification and classification system. There are opportunities for both research and training to serve projected social needs of the next decade while at the same time advancing the…

Iozzi, Louis A.; And Others (1980). Of Animals, Nature and People. [Student's Guide.] Preparing for Tomorrow's World. Developing an awareness of the need to evolve an environmental ethic is the intent of this module, designed for the senior high school level (grades 10-11). The module is divided into two sections. Section 1 contains a series of dilemma/discussion activities raising issues regarding human behavior toward animals and the natural environment. Dilemmas are brief stories posing a critical decision to be made by a main character. This decision revolves around conflicts between two or more moral/ethical issues (as identified by Kohlberg) presented in the situation, and it is the moral/ethical implication that provides the thrust for later student discussions. Preceding each dilemma are readings/case studies providing background information regarding issues in the dilemma. Questions are also provided to stimulate thinking about the issues and generate discussions. Section 2 contains two role-playing simulations, the first addressing issues related to appropriate use of national/state parks… [PDF]

Mort, Heidi; Reisman, Janet (1989). Women and Nontraditional Work. This fact sheet summarizes labor market statistics on nontraditional jobs for women and public policy, barriers, and strategies regarding such employment. Among the data presented are the following: nontraditional jobs for women are jobs in which 75 percent or more of those employed are men; 9 percent of all working women are employed in nontraditional jobs; the Job Training Partnership Act and the Carl Perkins Vocational Education Act are public policy efforts that support but do not ensure the entrance of women into nontraditional employment and training; lack of enforcement weakens the intent of laws and policies supportive of women in nontraditional jobs, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Guidelines of 1980, Title IX of the Educational Act Amendments of 1972, Equal Pay Act of 1973, and Executive Order 11246; the barriers that inhibit entry of women into nontraditional training and employment are complex and interrelated;…

Sinnott, Jan D.; And Others (1990). Age-Related Visual and Kinesthetic Encoding Effects on Spatial Memory of a Maze-Like Floor Plan. As part of an experimental research program on lifespan naturalistic and laboratory memory for spatial representation, investigators examined interactions between the effects of visual and kinesthetic encoding and age on memory for space using a modification of the Sinnott (1987) human maze paradigm. It was hypothesized that an age effect favoring younger subjects would be present such that younger participants would perform better overall on the maze task, that older subjects would perform better on a Styrofoam mock-up of the maze-like floor plan compared with a paper version, and that the addition of kinesthetic information would prove especially helpful to older participants. Eighty-three older (mean age of 68.29) and 83 younger (mean age of 20.89) urban respondents were asked to remember a route through a building after being presented with one of four conditions giving either realistic or paper and pencil spatial information. The second two hypotheses were not supported;… [PDF]

Allen, Thomas R., Jr., Comp.; Lyne, George E., Jr., Comp. (1988). Current Practices in Appraising Employee Performance as Performed by the Business Community. The major ppurpose of this study was to determine from human resource administrators in the business community the techniques now used in appraising exempt and nonexempt employee performance. Of the 1,000 administrators surveyed, 125 returned usable questionnaires for a response rate of 12.5 percent. The administrators reported that even though approximately one-half of the companies use the management by objective (MBO) appraisal method and approximately one-half use other methods, about 40 percent used both MBO and other methods. Major objectives of appraising employee performance were individual development, individual performance, wage and salary actions, assessment of training and development needs, and selection for promotion. Ninety percent reported that employer appraisals were conducted only by immediate supervisors. Approximately 85 percent indicated that they conduct formal appraisals only on an annual basis. All indicated that their formal appraisals were conducted in… [PDF]

(1984). Hearings on Youth Incentive Employment Act. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session on H.R. 5017 and H.R. 5814 (Washington, DC, May 1, 3, and 22, 1984 and Chicago, Illinois, August 13, 1984). These are four congressional hearings on youth unemployment with particular reference to the Youth Incentive Employment Act, H.R. 5017, which would establish a program to provide part-time school year and full-time summer employment to economically disadvantaged youth pursuing further education or training. Another focus of the hearings was H.R. 5814, the Income and Jobs Act, which would complement other existing initiatives by providing jobs and promoting a sustainable recovery. Texts of both bills are provided. Testimony includes statements from representatives in Congress and individuals representing the League of United Latin American Citizens; New Horizons Project, Richmond, Virginia; Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, New York; Chicago Urban League; Jobs for Youth, New York; Opportunities Industrialization Chapters; Rose Parks Group House, Washington, D.C.; Illinois United Auto Workers Union; Brandeis University; Ohio State University, Center for Human Resource… [PDF]

Heleen, Owen; Miller, Frederick T. (1989). Mobilizing Local Coalitions and Collaborations To Better Serve Children At Risk. Exclusion from mainstream American culture and perceptions of marginality drive some youth to create their own subgroups. As cultural elements of the subgroups reach further from what most Americans deem "acceptable," the alienation of these youth is intensified. Community agencies can use an ecological perspective to work for changes that will improve the outlook for alienated youth at risk of social abandonment. The perspective encourages the view that since young people are influenced by so many institutions, these institutions are in the best position to mobilize the community in ways that will benefit the diverse emotional, social, and physical needs of these youth. These mobilization efforts include the following: (1) organizing citizens to take a stand for their rights; (2) encouraging community members to take leadership roles; (3) establishing a community vision of changes that should take place; (4) declaring publicly what can be done by individuals and what…

Stewart, Donald E. (1982). Violence and the Family. Institute of Family Studies Discussion Paper No. 7. Psychological, sociological and social-psychological variables are involved in most cases of domestic violence in Australia. In general, the modern family faces external forces, pressures, and strains, as well as internal problems such as blurred generational and sex roles. Numerous characteristics of modern life (for example, the collapse of social norms) provide a setting in which violence can easily erupt. Rather than directly causing domestic violence, alcohol use is more likely to act as a trigger in a violent context. Some writers suggest that adequate explanations for domestic violence must be sought in the wider socio-historical context of human existence. To what extent, they ask, are men attempting through force to establish or maintain a patriarchal social order? Research reports from many countries reveal that it is in a marital setting that women are most likely to be involved in violence, in the great majority of cases as victims. Certainly, resources should be…

Noonan, Roberta L. (1977). A Model Community College Grievance Procedure for Title IX. Through a review of the literature, analysis of eleven Title IX grievance plans, and interviews with four compliance officers, twelve criteria essential to an effective grievance procedure for use by students were identified and incorporated into a model Title IX grievance procedure for Moraine Valley Community College (Illinois). The twelve essential criteria included: (1) trust and good faith; (2) a basic definition of what is grievable; (3) time limits for filing and for resolving grievances; (4) an informal first stage; (5) grievances submitted in writing; (6) recording of official minutes; (7) procedures made known to all parties in written form; (8) a simple, direct and explicit path of appeals; (9) a grievance committee to review the issue and determine its validity, assist in the preparation of the formal written complaint, assist in presentation and appeal of the case, and advise and/or represent the aggrieved; (10) a hearing committee or review board; (11) a right to be… [PDF]

Nowak, Jens (1981). Achieving Perspective Transformation. Perspective transformation is a consciously achieved state in which the individual's perspective on life is transformed. The new perspective serves as a vantage point for life's actions and interactions, affecting the way life is lived. Three conditions are basic to achieving perspective transformation: (1) "feeling" experience, i.e., getting in touch with original truth; (2) internalization of six principles (polarity, causality, force, reality, change, and responsibility); and (3) development and use of abilities which make the principles operational (faith, courage, freedom). Perspective transformation is not a therapy or theory, but rather a personal process for escalating one's development that happens within the individual in response to a particular set of stimuli and reflections right for the individual. The process can neither be taught nor administered, but is accelerated and facilitated by the help of an assistant, or by self-help. Suggestions for achieving…

Bond, Julian (1979). [Remarks Prepared for Delivery to the National School Boards Association.]. The history of the twenty-five year period since the Brown v. Board of Education decision can be divided into three phases. The first phase was from '54 to '64, during which the Court applied its rule of "all deliberate speed." The focus was on desegregating the dual systems of the South, the products of de jure segregation, and all deliberate speed was translated in Southern accents to mean any conceivable delay. Phase two comprised the five years from passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 until 1969. Title VI of the act prohibited discrimination wherever federal funds were used, and for the first time the federal government began to take an active role. Phase three must properly be called the backlash phase, and it remains current today. Black young people are still discovering, due to a system that would not teach them to read or add, that the end of their education means the beginning of unemployment. People who are charged with responsibility for education must…

Sorber, Evan R. (1968). Individualization of Instruction for Teacher Corpsmen. This preparation of the Temple-Philadelphia-Trenton Teacher Corps Program describes the use of the resources which are available to most colleges, universities, school systems, and communities to achieve the goals of technology in education–individualization and humanization. Staff deployment and characteristics (including intensity and diversity of involvement, ability to work as a team, knowledge, ability to communicate, and respect for individuality) are presented. The major portion of the report is a description of training techniques for individualizing learning. The first emphasizes the contract system (in which the student contracts with his teacher to make a study in a field chosen by the student) which involves a chance for students to study relevant problems, relates to democratic interaction, improves self-initiation, emphasizes cooperation, and gives the student stature as a person with rights and feelings. Another technique emphasizes individual experiences in school… [PDF]

Klammer, Thomas P. (1973). On the Notion \Standard English\ in American Linguistics and Education. Supporters of the teaching of \standard English\ maintain that permitting students to retain their own dialects leads to chaos, hampers communication, and promotes ignorance. Those supporting the rights of students to retain their own dialects focus on the concept that language is constantly changing, expresses the thoughts of living people, and is part of the nurture and development of the people who use the dialects. Insistance on a standard language is an attempt to dictate to a social group how it ought to behave and hides an underlying race and class prejudice. More important to the desire for uniformity in language than linguistic theories is the pattern of ethnocentric belief and behavior (differences equal deficits) which forms the context for linguistic attitudes. In a society which treats the will of the majority as something sacred, ethnocentricity becomes coercive. Replacing the theoretic model of the homogeneous speech community with that of the heterogeneous speech…

(1975). Real Choices in Indian Resource Development: Alternatives To Leasing. AIO Report-Billings Conference (Billings, Montana, January 30, 31, and February 1, 1975). Identifying the purpose of the Conference on Real Choices in Indian Resource Development: Alternatives to Leasing (Billings, Montana, January 1975) as exploring options available to American Indian tribes in the Great Plains re: the development of their own natural resources, this paper presents excerpts from participant speeches and comments regarding the following: (1) the problem and the challenge of conserving and developing Indian resources; (2) the foreign analogy wherein use of Indian resources is compared with the developing countries and their attempts to control and manage resources; (3) comparative mining agreements ("The Indian mineral leases I have seen are among the worst mineral agreements in the world."); (4) water rights (discussion of a new bill proposed by the Justice Department to allow the Secretary of the Interior over a five year period to administer the quantification of water in the U.S. without a mechanism for appeal); (5) a colonial experience (a…

Gibson, Juanita M.; And Others (1974). Report of the Florida Public Community College Equal Access/Equal Opportunity Consulting Team. This report presents the findings and recommendations of a consulting team dedicated to helping the Florida Division of Community Colleges achieve its goal of enrolling and employing Blacks and other minorities in approximate proportion to the 18- to 64-year-old population of the State by 1980. This report includes: (1) a detailed description of a data system designed to collect the information on attrition and retention needed to monitor progress toward this goal; (2) a discussion of methods of developing alternative instructional delivery systems for ensuring successful learning by minority students; (3) a review of testing as a screening and diagnostic device, accompanied by recommendations that group or standardized tests yielding IQ scores be discontinued for use in the community colleges of Florida and that student advisors be urged to utilize other tools to assess student potential; (4) discussions of the elements of an optimum human relations atmosphere at community colleges… [PDF]

Pettigrew, Thomas F., Ed. (1975). Racial Discimination in the United States. This book is organized in six parts. The Introduction opens with a brief historical perspective by W.E.B. DuBois. The trends of social research in racial discrimination are chronicled in the second selection. Part 2 begins our analysis with an indepth look at housing discrimination. Part 3 applies this analysis of housing to discrimination in employment, education, and income. The first selections show how housing segregation in the central city relates to unemployment and underemployment. Next, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights provides us with documented evidence of how job discrimination is practiced against blacks even by state and local governments. The final two selections on employment make use of modern computer methodology on refined census data. Two selections on education follow. Part 3 closes with two selections on income. Discrimination in both the administration of justice and in political power are the focus of Part 4. Part 4 concludes with a summary article which…

Grambs, Jean Dresden (1968). Intergroup Education: Methods and Materials. Parts 1 and 2 of this book introduce the concept of intergroup education and survey types of materials and methods used for its presentation in the classroom; the remaining and major portion of the book (Part 3) is an annotated bibliography of over 1,200 materials related to intergroup education. Part 1 focuses on those who need intergroup education (the primary assumption being that if a person can learn to hate he can learn to like). In Part 2, the use of five types of materials is discussed with cross-references to portions of the bibliography: "real" materials, role-playing, open-ended stories or scripts (seven are printed out), pictures, and affective materials. The bibliography, which is divided into 22 categories by subject matter or material type, covers the following: minority group background in America, with additional sections on Negro and African history and on Negro history adapted for school use; prejudice; civil rights and school desegregation; language and…

Johnson, Richard C. (1971). The Theatre Student: Producing Plays for Children. This book was written to clarify the role that theatre plays in the life of children. Its contents include a prologue, eleven chapters, and an epilogue. In the prologue, the truly educated person is described as one who has learned to make controlled use of all his capacities. Participation in role-playing experiences, such as involvement with the theater, is considered an important education for life in the world. In a theatre of youth for children, the child audience gains new directions for imagination to travel. Performers and production crew gain understandings and insights. Chapter I gives several suggestions on how to become initially involved in a children's play production. Chapter II lists criteria for selecting the right play. In Chapter III, ways of presenting the play are discussed, and Chapter IV deals with reaching the audience. Chapter V delves into the creative process as does Chapter VI through VIII. Chapter IX discusses the meeting between audience and play,…

Rychlak, Joseph F. (1971). Emotional Factors in the Learning and Nonspecific Transfer of White and Black Students. This research contrasts the learning effects of an affective dimension of meaningfulness with the word-quality of consonant-vowel-consonant trigrams. Subject rated trigrams for both \association value\–having word-quality versus lacking word-quality–and \reinforcement value\–liking versus disliking the trigram regardless of word quality. Paired associates lists were then constructed in which association value and reinforcement value were counterbalanced. Subjects learned two different lists. Experiment I established that the order of positive transfer across lists (best to poorest improvement) was as follows: dislike to liked, like to liked, disliked to disliked, and liked to disliked. Association value meaningfulness failed to produce interlist effects. Experiment II found that the left-hand member of a paired-associate contributed more to nonspecific transfer than the right-hand member. Experiment III found that the learning style of whites is relatively more along an… [PDF]

Yacoub, Salah M. (1976). Land Reform and Its Effects on Rural Community Development in Selected Near Eastern Countries. The effects of land reform programs on community development and the overall socioeconomic development in the three Near Eastern countries of Jordan, Iraq, and Syria were assessed. Land reform was defined as the: redistribution of rights in land ownership and management; reform in the land tenancy patterns; and land settlements, including the transformation of nomadism to settled farming, particularly on newly reclaimed land. Measures taken by Lebanon and Saudi Arabia in the area of nomadic settlement and land reclamation were also analyzed. The analysis of the effects was only a preliminary one due to the lack of adequate empirical scientific evidence on the subject. It has shown that among the main purposes of undertaking land reform measures were: accomplishing an equal distribution of agricultural wealth, alleviating social injustices in peasant societies, and economic growth. However, the majority of the measures in the region were not considered successful. Among the effects… [PDF]