Kerka, Sandra (2003). Appreciative Inquiry. Trends and Issues Alert. Appreciative inquiry (AI) is based on the heliotropic principle, which has been variously described as art and science, holistic theory and practice, and practical philosophy and change process. AI engages people and organizations in discovering what gives life to human systems when they are most effective and constructive and using that knowledge to envision and create the preferred future. Instead of beginning with problems to be solved, AI uses a social constructivist view that reality is socially created. AI is rooted in multiple fields, including action research, organizational development, and chaos theory. The principles underlying AI are constructivism, simultaneity, poetics, anticipation, and the positive. The process of AI involves the following activities: (1) discover (talk to one another to identify exceptional/peak moments); (2) dream (envision what might be if the peak moments were the norm); (3) design (develop "provocative propositions" to achieve the… [PDF]

Dillon, Martin (2000). Metadata for Web Resources: How Metadata Works on the Web. This paper discusses bibliographic control of knowledge resources on the World Wide Web. The first section sets the context of the inquiry. The second section covers the following topics related to metadata: (1) definitions of metadata, including metadata as tags and as descriptors; (2) metadata on the Web, including general metadata systems, resource description, PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selection) and other content controllers, the BizTalk and SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) frameworks, and rights management; and (3) the resource description framework, including the future of XML (eXtensible Markup Language). The third section addresses issues related to the Dublin Core metadata standard, including degree of completeness, institutional support, implementation, extensibility rules, and difficulties with the creator and relation elements. This section also considers difficulties with the object-attribute model. The fourth section discusses the role of libraries in… [PDF]

Bogden, James F.; Fraser, Katherine (2001). Someone at School Has AIDS. 2001 Edition. This policy guide explains that every state and school district needs policies addressing serious issues raised by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Chapter 1, "Developing Policy," discusses why policies are valuable, at what level policy belongs, and whether policies should be specific to HIV. Chapter 2, "Policy Recommendations," presents a preamble (the state/district/school shall strive to protect the safety and health of children and youth in their care, as well as their families, school employees, and the general public, and staff members shall cooperate with the public health authorities to promote these goals). It goes on to present nine areas of focus: school attendance, employment, privacy, infection control, HIV and athletics, HIV prevention education, related services, staff development, and general provisions. Chapter 3, "Engaging the Community," focuses on: a proactive communications plan; educating the community; a crisis… [PDF]

Brooks, Ann K.; Hatcher, Timothy G. (2000). Social Responsibility of Human Resource Development: How Our Definitions and Worldviews Impact Our Leadership Role. Town Forum. [Concurrent Town Forum Session at AHRD Annual Conference, 2000.]. The question of whether human resource development (HRD) should assume a leadership role in social responsibility has not been seriously or rigorously addressed in the HRD literature. As a multidisciplinary field, HRD is influenced not only by societal needs but also by underlying disciplines, including economics, psychology, general systems, ethics, and sociology. Both as an organizational function and as a stand-alone profession, HRD plays a principal role in enhancing organizations' long-term sustainability and has the potential to help cultivate organizations and people that positively influence communities, society, and the environment. The influence that economic and psychological theory have had on HRD and the world views that have influenced HRD require review and redefinition so that HRD professionals can clarify and improve their understanding of their potential contributions and responsibility to society. In the long run, those HRD professionals and academics who respond… [PDF]

Alford, Larry P. (2000). The Impact of Digital Resources on Organization and Management of Collection Development and Acquisitions. This paper addresses organization and management issues related to library material selection and acquisitions in the digital age, based on the author's experiences at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill library. The first part of the paper focuses on selection. The following principles of selection are discussed: (1) developing a balance of subject areas that reflect academic or community needs for information; (2) building collections with breadth and depth; (3) building collections cooperatively to preserve the record of human culture and achievement; (4) serving as a gateway and quality control agent for both print and electronic information; (5) eliminating selector cultural and/or political bias in building collections; and (6) organizing digital information to enable users to access it quickly and easily. The skills of the selector in the digital environment are also considered. The second part covers acquisitions, including areas where there is potential for… [PDF]

Girton, Kathryn M. (1998). Educational Alliances, Property Rights and Trust: Issues of Transaction Costs in the Transfer of Credit. Using transaction-cost economics as a theoretical lens, this paper analyzes educational alliances, which are agreements between educational organizations, such as those between 2-year and 4-year colleges. Transaction costs are those costs associated with the movement of course-credit hours across different institutional environments. The report suggests that standard cost-benefit analyses, as offered by standard economic models, do not serve well the purposes associated with transfer and articulation and that decision-making processes affecting student transfers are foremost about cost minimization and not about student welfare. Part 1 of the paper discusses the Utah System of Higher Education's transfer policy and the decision-making parameters that influenced the formation of this policy. Part 2 provides a brief explanation of transaction-cost economics as outlined by Williamson. The paper focuses on state-level decision making and the creation of educational alliances, the… [PDF]

(1999). Character, Civility, and the Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks: A Collection of Sample Units. Educating students about character development and responsibility can and should be an integral part of the academic curriculum. This collection contains units of study that were written to exemplify some of the many ways that these themes might be taught in preK-12 Massachusetts classrooms. Using the standards of the Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks as their core, these units explore the ethical dimensions of literary and artistic works, as well as incidents from history and contemporary life. According to the collection, each work is important in its own right, and each offers students, teachers, and parents a reason to talk about the expression of ideas, the dynamics of conflict and cooperation, and humanity's search for understanding of the meaning and purpose of life. Although the units are presented as separate entities in the collection, they would be most effective when used as part of a coordinated school program that involves parents and the community, and which is… [PDF]

Lew, Hee-Chan, Ed.; Park, Kyo-Sik Park, Ed.; Seo, Dong-Yeop, Ed.; Woo, Jeong-Ho, Ed. (2007). Proceedings of the Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (31st, Seoul, Korea, July 8-13, 2007). Volume 1. International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education The first volume of the 31st annual proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education conference presents plenary lectures; research forums; discussion groups; working sessions; short oral communications; and posters from the meeting. Plenary lecture papers include: (1) On Humanistic Mathematics Education: A Personal Coming of Age? (Chris Breen); (2) Certainty, Explanation and Creativity in Mathematics (Michael Otte); (3) I Need the Teacher to Tell Me If I Am Right or Wrong (Anna Sierpinska); and (4) School Mathematics and Cultivation of Mind (Jeong-Ho Woo). Plenary panel papers include: (1) Introduction to the PME Plenary Panel, "School Mathematics for Humanity Education" (Koeno Gravemeijer); (2) Humanizing the Theoretical and the Practical for Mathematics Education (Cristina Frade); (3) Making Mathematics More Mundane–A Semiotic Approach (Willibald Dorfler); (4) Mathematics: A Human Potential (Martin A. Simon); and (4) Need for Humanising… [PDF]

Romano, Rosalie M.; Thornton, Sharon G. (2007). Beyond Oppositional Thinking: Radical Respect. Philosophical Studies in Education, v38 p199-209. As a post-9/11 society in the United States, people live in a complex and pluralistic world that pushes to rethink how to approach education. People want to know what is right and good, but how to discern this in a world where consensual understandings of meaning are missing, even within the nation's borders? Those in the northern, and particularly western hemisphere, have defined what is good and true in relationship to how they understand their opposites. This is a view rooted in a western history of logic based on the Aristotelian principle of non-contradiction: One cannot have A and not A at the same time. John Dewey represents this view when he says humans like to think in duality, black/white, good/evil, or conservative/liberal. Dewey's assertion assumes duality is a universal basis for rational reflection. But this "forced choice" thinking is not necessarily benign; it can foster exclusionary social practices where people become pitted against each other, resulting… [PDF]

Dunn, Bruce R.; Reddix, Michael D. (1990). Electrophysiological Determinants of Cognitive Style: Implications for Educational and Psychological Research. Implications of two studies conducted by the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC) at the University of West Florida (Pensacola) regarding electrophysiological determinants of cognitive style (CS) are discussed. Most of the IHMC's research focuses on bimodal processing theory, according to which the human brain has at least two qualitatively different modes of thought: the analytic mode, which is logical, linear, and sequential and the holistic mode, which is simultaneous, parallel, or gestalt. The first study, conducted by B. R. Dunn and others in 1981, involved the use of expository texts that had a hierarchically organized logical semantic structure. The second study, conducted by B. R. Dunn and M. D. Reddix in 1984, involved having subjects read one highly holistic poem and one logical or analytical poem. Recordings of ongoing electroencephalographic (EEG) activity have been used at the IHMC to study global aspects of complex cognitive processes underlying the reading…

Connor, David; Day, James M.; Kalliel, Katherine M.; Mosher, Ralph L.; Porter, Mark R.; Whitely, John M.; Yokota, Normal (1999). Moral Actions in Young Adulthood. National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition The connection between knowing the right or good thing to do, and then actually doing it has long been a puzzle. "Watch what we do, not what we say" goes beyond the revealing admission of a former Attorney General of the United States to the broader reality of human behavior. Parents, teachers, employers, religious educators, and society at large have a deep vested interest in understanding the relationship between, and in knowing how better to educate for, consistency in moral knowledge and behavior. The past twenty-five years have seen much productive research on the development of moral reasoning. Doing the right or good act now needs comparable study. The unique contribution of this book is its exploratory study of the connection between moral thinking and action. Research on this linkage is in its relative infancy. A key aim is to begin to throw light on what factors intervene between a person's moral judgment and subsequent action. Valuable–although… [PDF]

McLaughlin, Margaret J., Ed.; And Others (1992). Transitions to Employment: Proceedings of the 1990 International Symposium on the Employment of Persons with Disabilities (Washington, D.C., June 3-5, 1990). This document presents the proceedings of a symposium which discussed critical issues in employment of persons with disabilities in Europe, Australia, and North America. After introductions, the major presentations included the following: "Labor Market Forces" (Roderick A. DeArment, U.S. Department of Labor); "Civil Rights in the United States" (Steny Hoyer, U.S. House of Representatives); "Economic Consequences" (Martin Gerry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services); and "Towards an Adult Working Life" (John Fish, Consultant to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). Small group discussions are summarized. These focused on personal choice, effective integration, and organizing and financing community services, respectively. The conference resulted in seven recommendations and conclusions including: (1) because of the lack of accurate information, audits are needed to establish databases on resources devoted to… [PDF]

(1987). A Compilation of Federal Education Laws: Volume II–Elementary and Secondary Education, Education of the Handicapped, and Related Programs. As Amended through December 31, 1986. The compilation provides the full texts of federal legislation related to elementary secondary education and education of the handicapped and related programs. The following statutes are included: \Act of November 2, 1921\ (Snyder Act); \Act of April 16, 1934\ (Johnson-O'Malley Act); \Adult Education Act\; \Allen J. Ellender Fellowship Program\; \Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, Title IV\; \Bilingual Education Act\; \Developmental Disabled Assistance and Bill of Rights Act, Section 204\; \Education Amendments of 1978, Title XI–Indian Education\; \Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981\; \Education for Economic Security Act\; \Education of the Deaf Act of 1986\; \Education of the Handicapped Act\; \Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965\; \Emergency Immigrant Education Act of 1984\; \Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949\; \Handicapped Children's Protection Act of 1986\; \Human Services Reauthorization Act (Title IX)\; \Indian Education Act\;… [PDF]

Lim, Joan B. (1996). Women and Literacy: Definition of Literacy, the Causes and Manifestations of Illiteracy, and Implications for the Educator. In societies with rich oral traditions in which knowledge and wisdom are transmitted by way of mouth, through recitation, song and drama, the inability to read and write does not mean ignorance or lack of intelligence. Literacy is, however, essential for gaining legal and socioeconomic rights. Literacy campaigns should therefore involve changing the existing social, political, and economic structures. Literacy is also a women's issue. Although the world illiteracy rate has decreased from 44% in 1950 to 25% in 1990, the proportion of women in the world's total nonliterate population is increasing steadily (it had increased to 60% by 1980). Among the reasons for higher illiteracy rates among women are following: the technologies of goods production, the nature of human reproduction, and institutionalization of violence in the state. Literacy teachers working with women in developing countries must first convince women of their need for literacy. Women themselves should determine their… [PDF]

Theobald, Paul (1990). Agrarian Visions. A new feature in "Country Teacher,""Agrarian Visions" reminds rural teachers that they can do something about rural decline. Like to populism of the 1890s, the "new populism" advocates rural living. Current attempts to address rural decline are contrary to agrarianism because: (1) telecommunications experts seek to solve problems of rural education through interactive television; (2) proponents of rural economic development suggest that rural communities exploit themselves as cheap labor to draw processing or manufacturing plants to their communities to create jobs; (3) some economic development specialists advise schools to become entrepreneurs and create community-saving businesses, when schools do not have the capital to do so; and (4) "human capital theorists" encourage rural schools to create a workforce with the right numeracy, literacy, and social skills to make them attractive to entrepreneurial capitalists. American agrarianism is… [PDF]

Nixon, Richard (1970). School Desegregation: \A Free and Open Society\; Policy Statement by Richard Nixon, President of the United States. President Nixon's \purpose in this statement is to set forth in detail this Administration's policies on the subject of desegregation of America's elementary and secondary schools.\ Specific objectives of his statement are noted as follows: to reaffirm his personal belief that the 1954 Brown decision was right in both Constitutional and human terms; to assess progress in the years since that decision; to clarify the present state of the law and the Administration policies guided by it; to discuss difficulties encountered and explore approaches toward compliance with the Brown decision; and, to place the question of the desegregation of schools in its larger context–achievement of a free and open society. Discussing the President's own responsibility, the decisions arrived at by the Supreme and lower Courts, de jure segregation, and de facto segregation, the Chief Executive repeatedly emphasizes his stringent opposition to \massive busing programs\ and his desire to allow \school… [PDF]

Lachapelle, Richard; Murray, Deborah; Neim, Sandy (2003). Aesthetic Understanding as Informed Experience: The Role of Knowledge in Our Art Viewing Experiences. Journal of Aesthetic Education, v37 n3 p79-98 Fall. A common misconception about the nature of art and of aesthetic appreciation is that these activities are essentially a question of \feeling,\ as if tuning in to the right feeling will automatically lead to a full understanding of the work of art. Another widespread misunderstanding essentially reduces art viewing to a simple question of perception, as if looking long and hard is always enough to apprehend the work of art's message. Fortunately, a growing body of research into adults' art viewing experiences is debunking these widely held beliefs as oversimplifications of the art viewing process. It can now be asserted, with a good degree of certainty, that art viewing experiences solicit four key areas: the affective, perceptual, communicative, and cognitive dimensions of human experiencing. While acknowledging at the outset the essential roles of affect, perception, and communication in art viewing experiences, this paper focuses more specifically on aspects of the intellectual… [Direct]

(2023). Principles & Standards for Quality Charter School Authorizing, 2023 Edition. National Association of Charter School Authorizers Charter school authorizing is a powerful strategy for making excellent public schools and educational opportunities available to all students and communities, especially those who are historically under-resourced. Done well, authorizing increases student achievement by expanding the supply of quality public schools. Because authorizing is a continually developing profession, these professional standards must likewise evolve in response to the growth and complexity of the ever-growing charter school sector. "Principles & Standards for Quality Charter School Authorizing" derives from the National Association of Charter School Authorizers' (NACSA's) vast experience, research, and work with authorizers across the nation. Accordingly, NACSA revisits and updates them regularly to address current challenges and reflect the latest lessons drawn from practice, research, and analysis. These "Principles & Standards" begin with three clearly stated Core Principles,… [PDF]

(1990). Science and Writing Connection. The 18 brief articles contained in this booklet reflect an attempt by science and math teachers in Nevada to explore ways to rekindle the exhileration of discovery for themselves and their students that began with the knolwedge explosion that followed the launching of Sputnik in 1957 but that was eventually washed away in a flood of "keep-em-busy-get-the-right answer" lessons. The Nevada teachers recognized writing as a powerful thinking activity and began to explore its uses as a way of focusing on understanding concepts instead of simply memorizing facts for tests. Each article develops at least one activity in either math or science for which students use writing as an important learning tool. Among specific topics are a unit plan on the Great Barrier Reef and lessons concerned with the weather, the concept of natural selection, dinosaurs, the human body, rocks and their properties, and the atom. The booklet includes articles on: integrating the writing process in…

Dahawy, Bayoumi Mohamed (1988). The General Aims of Educational Development — A Comparative Prospect. The inconsistency between norms prescribed by international agencies and the educational strategies suggested to put these norms into practice has created problems as is evident in the case studies of India and Egypt and the general aims of educational development in these two countries. In Egypt a policy of basic education had the support of world agencies that maintain a strong concern for general education and training in specific skills. The concern focused on social issues rather than with an attempt to develop individual human potential. The educational strategy of basic education in Egypt has derived directly from UNESCO documents concerning educational development: (1) everyone has the right to education; and (2) the initial conditions of educational development should be within the society itself and not come from outside. The methods suggested were inconsistent with the norms prescribed. In India, the most active proponents for the cause of management education were those… [PDF]

Ishii, Satoshi; Klopf, Donald W. (1987). Human Values in Intercultural Communication: Japan Compared to the U.S.A. Values are the evaluative and judgmental facet of a culture's "personal orientation system," helping its members determine what is right or wrong, good or bad, important or unimportant. However, the values which are of primary importance to citizens of a particular country may be of only secondary or tertiary importance to citizens of another country, a difference which can lead to problems in international communication. A comparison study demonstrated this problem by examining the differences in values held by Americans and Japanese. A survey was administered to 230 students at Nihon and Otsuma Women's University in Japan and to a similar number at West Virginia University. The students were asked to rate 42 values as being of primary (i.e., worth dying for) secondary, or tertiary value, or of no value. Results showed that the American students attached primary value to independence, individuality, human dignity, democracy, and loyalty, while the Japanese felt only peace…

Foster, Frances Smith (1987). Ethnic Children's Literature in the Schools. American educational institutions have used the literature of a few Anglo men to represent American literature. The problem of this one-sided presentation was alleviated somewhat during the 1960s when publishers began to offer some works of ethnic writers, especially for elementary school children. This was the result of influence by the civil rights movement and the feminist movement, which made people aware that white men were not the only people who contributed to American literature. In the 1980s the discussions moved to the psychological impact of literature on the individual. Not only do multicultural reading materials enhance reading skills, but they also sharpen sensitivity on the commonalities of human experience and improve the self-esteem of racial and ethnic minorities. Some retrenchment has been in evidence in the past few years as ethnic literature has become less available than it was in the 1970s. Further, many recent books perpetuate common stereotypes and… [PDF]

Sand, Ole (1970). On Staying Awake: Talks With Teachers. These five essays explore curriculum reform, the future of America's schools, inquiry-directed education, rights and responsibilities, and the roles of teachers and schools in an age of confrontation. The central theme is the role of the organized profession in educational change. In the final analysis it is the students, the teachers, and the parents all working together who will make the difference. It is they who will make education an exciting and alive process, and without whom the theories and proposals, however important, mean nothing. \On Staying Awake\ stresses the importance of inquiry as the fundamental principle of learning and the need for the teacher to retain a sense of awe at the ability of the human mind. \Putting First Things Last\ deals with the tendency to confuse social engineering with education and points to the danger of practice without theory. \In Search of a New Bird\ asks for a new symbol of American education to replace the parrot and for freedom from… [PDF]

Gram, Peter C. (1972). APA Ethics. A Help or Hindrance. The Committee on Scientific and Professional Ethics and Conduct of the APA deals with ethical matters and decides on membership. It can recommend to the Board disbarment, a reprimand, or a probationary period. The APA has a code of ethics, but congressional investigations and legal questions concerning behavioral research and individual rights and privacy led the APA in 1968 to survey members, through the Committee, on their reactions to the basic code. The Committee has suggested that in the analysis of ethical questions the magnitude of possible benefit of the research should be weighed against the cost of probable harm the experiment may inflict on the subject. The Committee states that when the safety of the subject or the benefits to society are in doubt, the subject's welfare should be given priority. The code drafted includes specific principles concerning the use of human subjects, the effects of physical stress, the use of drugs, the effects of psychological stress, the use…

Dunklee, Dennis R. (2000). If You Want To Lead, Not Just Manage: A Primer for Principals. This book is premised on the conviction that being a successful principal is more than being a good manager. Becoming an effective school leader means understanding the culture as well as acquiring the technical skills. The book discusses the personalities and value systems that school leaders need to succeed. It is designed for first-year administrators and graduate students who will find it a gauge in determining what it takes to become a successful principal. In the textbook world, schools and school districts are described as a culture that places high value on, and supports and enhances, openness, high trust, caring, and sharing. It is a culture that strives for consensus but supports and values differences, and that advocates human growth and development. However, in the real world of schools and school districts, principals may eventually achieve the textbook definition, but they will have to earn and maintain that right. This book is designed to help the reader find the…

Kennedy, Joyce Lain; Morrow, Thomas J. (1994). Electronic Resume Revolution. Create a Winning Resume for the New World of Job Seeking. This guide teaches the new tools and the new rules for writing a resume that can be used by both computers and human readers. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the explosive speed at which hiring automation is moving, notes advantages and disadvantages to job seekers, and suggests a simple method for becoming skilled in keyword searching. Chapter 2 reviews the technology that reads, stores, and retrieves resumes and explains why a good scannable resume differs from a paper resume. Chapter 3 helps develop keyword skills. Chapter 4 focuses on the right look for the new resume and offers 15 power tips for scannable resumes. Chapter 5 suggests how to develop the keyword resume. A description of the new approach is followed by a review of classic resume formats. Chapter 6 examines why it is effective to write more than one resume version and provides tips for tailoring a core resume to specific positions. Chapter 7 offers a collection of resumes acceptable both to computers and people. They…

Shinil, Kim (1996). \Learning Perspective\ in the Asian Viewpoint. A \schooling perspective\ has become the foundation of the modern educational system. It portrays instruction-centered education in which the instructor is responsible for the success or failure of education. On the other hand, a \learning perspective\ characterizes education as the learners' intentional activity to attain new knowledge, ways of thinking, and skill. The roots of the schooling perspective are grounded in the West and the roots of the learning perspective are grounded in Asia. State-directed schooling has been the predominant educational idea in the modern age. The foundational ideas of state-directed schooling can be traced to the ancient Greek and Christian culture. Despite differences between the educational viewpoints of Plato and Christianity, both are teacher oriented and teacher directed. The Asian educational viewpoints are mainly rooted in Confucianism and Buddhism. Asians put more value on learning than teaching. Limits of the schooling perspective are… [PDF]

Sharma, Motilal (1996). Communications Technologies in Open and Distance Learning in Asia: The Experience of the Asian Development Bank. In view of financial constraints, large numbers of students to be educated, and rapid changes in information and communication and information technology, open learning (OL) and distance education (DE) systems are being established at an unprecedented rate in almost all developing countries of the Asian and Pacific region. Modern communications, computer-aided programs, and DE and OL systems should be applied vigorously to four areas: reduction of poverty, especially among rural populations; enlargement of human development in all aspects of physical, intellectual, and spiritual areas; improvement of women's status; and contribution to national peace and elimination of violence and terrorism. DE and OL help improve the quality of information and reduce the information gap. The core strength of DE is that it can globalize the education system by bringing in the best available teachers and experts to any corner of the world to provide the latest information with the help of… [PDF]

(1989). Indians of Washington and the Environment. A Collection of Information and Curriculum Lessons To Assist Educators in Teaching about Tribal Natural Resource Relationship. The American Indian tribes of Washington have a unique relationship with natural resources, one of reverence and reliance. While non-Indian people traditionally approach natural resources from the perspective of ownership, tribal peoples view natural resources as components of life and culture. The survival of Washington tribes depends upon a sustainable natural resource base. This booklet contains lesson plans and classroom activities that help students become aware of tribal ways of life and historical and contemporary interactions with the natural world and non-Indian people. Major curriculum concepts include: (1) the diversity and importance of Washington's natural resources; (2) diverse uses of natural resources by people; (3) the influence of natural resources on cultures; (4) the role of culture in the development of controversial issues and the communication process for resolving such issues; (5) the finite nature of resources and related decision making; and (6) values… [PDF]

Levitan, Sar A.; Miller, Elizabeth I. (1993). The Equivocal Prospects for Indian Reservations. Occasional Paper 1993-2. This paper analyzes and evaluates federal assistance to Indians on or near reservations and recommends public policies to promote self-determination through economic development. Most Indian tribes rely on federal funds for basic necessities and services. At current funding levels, reservation residents lead lives of deprivation or opt for outmigration to achieve personal self-sufficiency. The goal of federal policy should be to raise the standard of living on reservations by expanding opportunities for individuals to function independently of the federal welfare system. A precondition to achieving this goal is the creation of effective tribal governments. The key to tribal economic success lies in taking advantage of all available federal, human, and natural resources. In particular, a comprehensive reform of reservation educational and training systems is necessary to expand self-governance initiatives. Tribes that achieve self-sufficiency will face conflicts between economic… [PDF]