(1995). Highlights from the First World Congress of Education International. The papers in this volume reflect the general theme of the congress, "Educators United, Ready for Change." A theme that emerged during the conference concerned the need to fight structural adjustment programs, imposed by the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund, which were destroying the educational and social infrastructure of many countries in the developing world, as well as in Central and Eastern Europe, and imposing "solutions" which did enormous harm to public education and to the work and living standards of teachers. A number of key debates and resolutions condemned this trend and demanded that Education International (EI) develop its own alternative strategies to build economic and social policies at the national and international levels, incorporating a strong commitment to public education. Another major theme that emerged was the issue of human and trade union rights, which engendered debates on a range of issues including women's rights, the…

(1990). Czechoslovakia. A Selection of Teaching Materials. This document is a collection of supplemental classroom materials on Czechoslovakia to be photocopies for use in secondary schools in conjunction with the Education for Democracy Project. After decades of Soviet domination and communist dictatorship, Eastern European countries are demanding democracy, human rights, and an end to the Soviet Union's military presence. The democratic revolution in Eastern Europe can serve to help students gain a greater appreciation of and interest in the subject of history, and attain a deeper understanding of the ideas and principles of democracy. This collection of materials offers an historical framework for considering current events, but is focused on the events, ideas, issues, and personalities that have propelled Czechoslovakia's successful democracy movement. A timeline, maps and a college of historic headlines are included to give a basic historical context. A vocabulary for junior high classes or classes with little or no previous exposure… [PDF]

(1993). Gender Equity. Developed as a supplement to existing materials on gender equity, this curriculum guide is designed to supply indepth information on sex bias and sex-role stereotyping in vocational education. It is intended for educators, students, and parents who can learn from its contents through workshops, seminars, organizational meetings, and classroom presentations. A gender equity glossary appears first. Each of the eight units contains some or all of these components: objective sheet with vocabulary list and quotations, teacher information sheets with objective and lecture notes, transparency masters, activity sheets, activity sheet answers, and action sheets. Unit I outlines what human rights are, how they are determined, and how they change. Unit II discusses traditional views of gender equity and the federal laws protecting individuals from bias. Unit III dispels myths often associated with each gender. Unit IV gives a futuristic view of where the jobs are and presents a challenge to…

Kobayashi, Keiko (1992). Beginning of Movement for Re-Education of Parents in Japan in the 1920's. In the late 1920s, in conjunction with a new passion for freedom and concern for human rights, two associations were formed in Japan to promote parents' education and children's welfare. In 1928, following a 2-year study of education in America, Tetsuya Kamimura started the Japan Parents' Re-education Association. The association's members included teachers, principals, physicians, scientists, and artists. The association published a 10-volume "Child Study Course" and a monthly magazine, "Itoshigo"; held meetings for mothers; and set up branches throughout Japan. The second association, Kodomo no Kyoyo, was established in 1929 by Yoshiki Takasaki and Takashi Takenami based on their belief in the importance of the education of children and parents. Kodomo no Kyoyo emphasized scientific approaches to child education, and psychologists, doctors, and scientists contributed articles to the association's journal. The religious background of the association's Christian… [PDF]

Bancroft, George W.; And Others (1990). The Civic Participation of Visible Minorities in Canadian Society: Framework and Issues for Research and Analysis. This exploratory study examines the issues connected with the civic participation of minority groups in Canada. Civic participation is service, either through appointment or election, on public boards and commissions other than those representing the participant's own ethnocultural group. Information was gathered from a literature review, interviews, and a focus group composed of minority group members experienced in civic affairs. The following major issues are discussed: (1) the need for a new definition of civic participation; (2) confusion on the part of minority group members about what the government expects of them and about whom they represent; (3) the slow pace of change toward equal representation in civic life, and the seemingly overwhelming odds against ever achieving that representation; (4) poor communication about opportunities and criteria for service; (5) the misconception that minority group members are interested only in human rights and related fields; and (6)…

Keyton, Joann; Springston, Jeffery K. (1989). Defining and Quantifying Potentially Discriminatory Questions in Employment Interviewing. A study determined what constitutes an illegal pre-employment question, reviewed current laws and literature on the subject, and determined the prevalence of illegal questions asked by organizations. Except in the case of specific statutory law, there is no precise way to define what constitutes an illegal question; however, state and federal guidelines as well as established case law provide fairly clear parameters. A survey of the human rights and labor departments of all 50 states, designed to determine which states had enacted stronger legislation than the general framework provided by federal legislation, indicated a range of no laws to very specific laws concerning employment screening. A survey questionnaire, designed to determine the extent to which employers would ask or consider asking illegal questions, was sent to 350 various organizations in Wisconsin and returned by 157 organizations. The sample of organizations was stratified in relation to nine basic industry types… [PDF]

Hodge, R. Lewis (1990). Middle School Citizenship Education: A Study of Civic Values via R. Freeman Butts' Decalogue. Citizenship education is one of the most common curriculum elements in the nation, thus clarifying the nature of citizenship education would partially qualify a common purpose in public schools. A supposition of this research is that public schools are the best way to advance democracy in a pluralistic United States. R. Freeman Butts, an advocated for strengthening the teaching of democracy, offers 10 civic values as the common core of U.S. citizenship: justice; freedom; equality; diversity; authority; privacy; due process; participation; personal obligation for the public good (loyalty, patriotism, discipline, and duty); and international human rights. In this study conducted in a metropolitan area middle school two teachers were observed. The sixth grade social studies teacher used a direct approach, while the eighth grade American History teacher used a more interactive style. The data were collected during classroom observations and through analyses of the textbooks. The unit of…

Maas, Jeanette P., Ed.; Stewart, Robert A. C., Ed. (1986). Toward a World of Peace: People Create Alternatives. Proceedings of the International Conference on Conflict Resolution and Peace Studies in the United Nations Year of Peace, 1986 (1st, Suva, Fiji, August 1986). This book is a review of the 1986 United Nations International Year of Peace conducted at an international conference in Fiji. The theme of the conference was "People Create Alternatives," and the issues of conflict resolution and avoiding global destruction were addressed. Specific topics discussed were: (1) "Theories and Techniques of Conflict Resolution"; (2) "Nationalism vs. the World as Expanded Community"; (3) "Economic Factors in Relationship to Conflict"; (4) "Confronting the Nuclear Crisis"; (5) "Human Rights in the Developing World and Everywhere Else"; (6) "Peace Studies and Research"; and (7) "Super Power Rivalry in the Pacific Basin." Also included are proceedings from the following symposia: (1) "The Rotary Center for World Understanding and Peace"; (2) "Globalizing Teacher Education: A Vehicle for Peace"; (3) "Developing Curricula for Peace Education in Secondary…

(1983). The Legal Situation of Latin American and Caribbean Women as Defined according to the Resolutions and Mandates of the United Nations System. Volume II: File Sheets of Resolutions on the Legal Situation of Women. This document contains a systematized inventory of the measures relating to the legal and social status of women adopted in various regional and world forums. The inventory was used to study the legal situation of Latin American and Caribbean women, defined according to the resolutions and mandates of the United Nations system. Organized by forum and in chronological order, the first part includes a summary of the resolutions (conventions, recommendations, declarations and resolutions) dealing with the legal situation of women, while the second summarizes the information included in the Plans of Action referring to the subject. The measures included were selected from the following forums: United Nations General Assembly; Economic and Social Council; International Conference on Human Rights (Tehran, Iran, 1968); World Conference of the International Women's Year (Mexico City, Mexico, 1975); World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development, and Peace…

Gutierrez, Margo, Comp.; And Others (1985). Sourcebook on Central American Refugee Policy: A Bibliography with Subject and Country Index. Special Project Report. This bibliography on Central American refugee policy is the outgrowth of a year-long research seminar on the topic at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs of the University of Texas at Austin during 1983-1984. That seminar was concerned with several aspects of Central American refugee policy, including policies of the various Central American governments, the United States, Mexico, and the United Nations. It also looked at issues such as the sanctuary movement and political asylum. Much of the material reflects a Texas focus, in part because Texas has become an important national center for refugee issues. The major sections of the publication include: (1) books, manuscripts, unpublished papers, and church, government and human rights reports; (2) magazine and journal articles; (3) newspaper articles, editorials and statements; (4) newsletters, bulletins, other reports and resources. Within each section, entries are arranged alphabetically first by title (when no author is…

(1977). The Report of the Work Group on Multiculturalism. The report on the impact of multiculturalism on the education system in the Borough of York (Ontario) summarizes findings of a two year study and provides recommendations to enhance multiculturalism in education. The report is presented in six chapters. Chapter I explains the work group task and method of inquiry and identifies work group participants. Chapter II presents a Canadian perspective on multiculturalism, followed by a profile of cultures in the Borough of York in chapter III. Chapter IV discusses the work group's interpretation of multicultural education. Multicultural education is perceived to value the presence of many cultures, human rights, social justice, and alternative life choices for all people. Chapter V, the bulk of the report, examines and presents recommendations on six issues related to multiculturalism: (1) a nondiscriminatory school and community environment; (2) retention of culture and language; (3) curriculum for multiculturalism; (4) immigrant…

Comber, Barbara (1997). Managerial Discourses: Tracking the Local Effects on Teachers' and Students' Work in Literacy Lessons. It is not news that managerial discourses have dominated government educational policy and programs in Australia since the mid 1980s. During this period there has also been a proliferation of discourses about literacy. The common sense view is that literacy empowers disadvantaged people and assists failing economies. The last decade and a half has seen a discursive shift from education as a human right to education as a government investment. However, the effects of managerial discourses in actual classrooms–preferred pedagogies, enacted curriculum, assessment practices, classroom talk, and allocation of time–are rarely studied and difficult to ascertain. This paper considers the ways in which managerial discourses impact on what teachers and students can do and say in literacy lessons. The paper aims to show the potential of Foucauldian interpretative analytics for examining the local material effects of discursive practices in the everyday institutional lives of teachers and…

Juusela, Pauli (1991). Journalistic Codes of Ethics in the CSCE Countries: An Examination. Series B 31/1991. A study examined the journalistic codes of ethics from 23 countries involved in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), using descriptive and interpretative content analysis. The contents of the 24 codes from the 23 countries were divided into explicit categories on the basis of a 17-part classification scheme, including: "truth,""acquisition of facts,""professional secrecy,""freedom of information,""professional integrity,""human rights," and "values." Results indicated that: (1) the most important principle in all the codes was represented by truth; (2) the general rule on acquisition and checking of facts was that journalists should use open and honest means to acquire information; (3) confidentiality of sources must be maintained; and (4) freedom of information figures prominently in nearly all of the codes. Findings suggest the development among the CSCE countries of some sort of basic,…

(1992). UNESCO and UNICEF Activities in the Field of Basic Education for Women and Girls. UNESCO-UNICEF Joint Committee on Education Meeting (3rd, Paris, France, May 6-7, 1992). Basic education for girls and women has been part of UNESCO's and UNICEF's concerns since the early days of the two organizations. Both organizations not only consider access to basic education a fundamental human right, but also see girls' and women's education as vital in enhancing their roles as contributors to and beneficiaries of development. Most UNESCO and UNICEF programs in the field tend to be geared to one or more of the following issues: (1) improving girls' access to primary schooling; (2) relevance of curricula, availability of female teachers, and teacher attitudes in the classroom; (3) literacy training for women; (4) institution building in support of women; and (5) producing gender-sensitive data. Examples of projects in these areas are found in all parts of the developing world. In addition, the two organizations promote cooperation among countries and provide analysis, research, and advocacy connected with the educational problems faced by women and girls. The two… [PDF]

Pratte, Richard N. (1981). Multicultural Education: A Need for Philosophical Perspective. World Education Monograph Series, Number Three. This paper examines multicultural education–its history, goals, for whom it is designed, and who is responsible for initiating programs. The literature is in general accord with the view that the educational system should be responsive to the fact that the United States is culturally diverse. This fact is taken as the ground for asserting that diversity should be both reflected in school curricula and valued by those who work in education, especially teachers and administrators. In most of the literature, multicultural education is presented as a humanistic as well as a relativistic concept. It is a means of celebrating diversity, striving for human rights and social justice, and legitimizing the alternative life choices and various styles of all people. In 1972 the Ethnic Heritage Studies Act was passed by Congress, emphasizing the heterogeneity of America's population. In the same year the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education adopted a statement on multicultural… [PDF]

Halle, Louis J.; Hesburgh, Theodore M. (1979). Foreign Policy & Morality: Framework for a Moral Audit. Two papers and several commentaries discuss a viable moral framework for foreign policy. It is hoped that the thought of some of the world's major thinkers can provide at least the foundations for a more enduring approach to the issues of political morality. The two main papers are by Father Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C., president of the University of Notre Dame and one of America's most untiring defenders of civil and human rights and by Professor Louis Halle of Geneva, author of numerous books on foreign policy and the study in universal history, \Out of Chaos.\ The two writers approach the moral problem from different points on the intellectual spectrum. Father Hesburgh approaches the problem from the standpoint of America's responsibility to express and exemplify its historic national goals and moral vision in foreign policy. Professor Halle's approach is from the perspective of the national interest. He maintains with some of the \Founding Fathers\ that the first duty of the…

Holik, John S.; Walker, Melvin E., Jr. (1976). Community Resistance to Survey Research and 1890 Colleges and Universities: The Case of Fort Valley State College. In order to reduce community resistance to a multi-ethnic/cross-sectional survey by an 1890 institution and to identify those factors which influenced survey completion, 395 white and 335 black heads of households in 19 middle Georgia county areas were surveyed. Since a suit labeling Fort Valley a "diploma mill" had recently been filed by white citizens and since the performing institution was predominantly black, the sample design was considered crucial and an "informed consent" statement was required by the campus' Human Rights Committee. Strategy employed to avoid community resistance involved: (1) an intensive literature review; (2) use of a stratified cluster sample to permit a representative sample at a minimum cost and eliminate the possibility of creating the impression that only certain residents were chosen; (3) development of a non-threatening title for the study via elimination of words such as "poor", "black people", etc.; (4)… [PDF]

McDiarmid, Garnet; Pratt, David (1971). Teaching Prejudice: A Content Analysis of Social Studies Textbooks Authorized for Use in Ontario. This report of a study, undertaken at the request of the Ontario Human Rights Commission, details: 1) precedents and historical backgrounds in textbook analysis; 2) the methodology of the present study; and, 3) recommendations based on the findings. Groups selected for study were: Jews, immigrants, Moslems, Negroes, and American Indians. The research design called for quantitative analysis of "evaluative assertions" made about the above groups in all textbooks authorized for use in grades 1-12, and in print on June 1, 1968. Findings indicate that facts and theories which are outmoded, even false, still find their way into textbooks, dealing a heavy dose of "un-themism." Further, there is little attempt in school texts to discuss in any detail basic issues concerning racial differences or prejudice. Given the strong reliance on textbook teaching which still prevails, these are serious faults. It is recommended that: 1) for errors of commission, the publishers be…

Peters, Michael A. (2004). Education, Globalization, and the State in the Age of Terrorism. Paradigm Publishers Education plays an important role in challenging, combating and in understanding terrorism in its different forms, whether as counter-terrorism or as a form of human rights education. Just as education has played a significant role in the process of nation-building, so education also plays a strong role in the process of empire, globalization and resistance to global forces–and in terrorism, especially where it is linked to emergent statehood. This book focuses on the theme of education in an age of terrorism, exploring the conflicts of globalization and global citizenship, feminism post-9/11, youth identities, citizenship and democracy in a culture of permanent war, and the relation between education and war, with a focus on the war against Iraq. This book is organized into the following chapters: (1) The Conflicts of Globalization and Restructuring of Education?; (2) Global Citizenship and the New American World Order; (3) Globalization, Family Terrorism and Feminism Post-9/11;…

McBride, Andy; McEwan, Robert; Mombourquette, Fay (1999). Narrowing Opportunities for Adults in Ontario Secondary Schools: A Study of Students Affected by the Changes to Provincial Funding of Adults and the Education Act, 1996. NALL Working Paper #09. A study investigated effects of implementation of a new policy by the Ontario Ministry of Education that decreased grants for adults and amended the Ontario Education Act, forcing school boards to develop a parallel but "basic service" system of education for everyone over age 21. All adult students in daytime secondary school programs were asked to supply basic demographics; human rights information such as whether students had a disability or belonged to a visible minority; whether they had special education needs; and information pertaining to student knowledge of pending changes in the grant system and their possible effects. Submissions were received from 117 schools, representing 7,723 completed questionnaires. The next phase of the research examined the changes that had occurred in five Target Boards (TBs) in the year following implementation of the adult funding model. Findings indicated that TBs responded to the changes in government policy by redesigning their… [PDF]

Ong, Paul M., Ed. (2000). The State of Asian Pacific America: Transforming Race Relations. A Public Policy Report, Volume IV. The papers in this collection respond to the importance of race in U.S. society by providing a comprehensive, multidisciplinary empirical analysis of the diverse ways in which Asian Pacific Americans are redefining and transforming contemporary U.S. race relations. Following a preface by Don T. Nakanishi and J. D. Hokoyama, the chapters are: (1) \The Asian Pacific American Challenge to Race Relations\ (Paul M. Ong); (2) \'Who Are You Calling Asian?' Shifting Identity Claims, Racial Classifications, and the Census\ (Yen Le Espiritu and Michael Omi); (3) \Racial Attitudes and the Color Line(s) at the Close of the Twentieth Century\ (Taeku Lee); (4) \Fu Manchu Lives! Asian Pacific Americans as Permanent Aliens in American Culture\ (Robert Lee); (5) \Residential Patterns of Asian Pacific Americans\ (Tarry Hum and Michela Zonta); (6) \From Vincent Chin to Joseph Ileto: Asian Pacific Americans and Hate Crime Policy\ (Karen Umemoto); (7) \Asian Pacific Americans and Human Rights/Relations…

O'Brien, Ed (2004). Torture and the War on Terror. Social Education, v68 n7 p453 Nov-Dec. In this article, the author examines another dimension of human rights–the problem of torture. He looks at U.S. commitments to international conventions prohibiting torture in light of the abuses at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. He shows how a position adopted by the Bush administration that these international conventions did not apply to the war against terrorists resulted in the development of interrogation practices at Guantanamo Bay that ignored the conventions. These practices later carried over into Iraq. The U.S. has signed the four Geneva Conventions, which expressly prohibit any kind of physical or psychological coercion and torture or inhuman treatment of prisoners of war. In 1996, Congress also passed the War Crimes Act to ban all war crimes, which are referred to as grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions? But does the Geneva Convention apply to the War on Terror? The U.S. government had previously taken the position that such covenants did not apply to the prisoners…

(2000). At Issue: Marriage. Exploring the Debate over Marriage Rights for Same-Sex Couples: A Curriculum Guide for High School Educators. The Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) aims to unite with educators in cultivating an informed citizenry and future generations of children who respect and accept all people, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity. By supporting educators in their efforts to build schools where information and expression flow freely, GLSEN hopes to advance democratic values in classrooms across the nation. This guide provides a means for educators and parents to address questions about civil rights and sexual identity, in an open and direct way. As legislative hearings take place to determine the fate of marriage in states around the country, students will need guidance in order to integrate this complex information and to form their own opinions. This curriculum guide will help students explore the complex issues reflected in the debate on same-sex marriages. Following the lesson plans, readings are included to provide students with a fuller understanding of the… [PDF]

Kelly, Kerry C. (2000). The Many Faces of Paul Robeson. The Constitution Community: Postwar United States (1945 to Early 1970s). Paul Robeson was an athlete-scholar-concert artist-actor who was also an activist for civil and human rights. The son of a former slave, he was born and raised during segregation, lynching, and open racism. Robeson was one of the top performers of his time, earning more money than many white entertainers. His travels overseas opened his awareness to the universality of human suffering and oppression. His outspokenness and pro-Soviet stance made him a target of militant anti-communists. In 1950 the State Department revoked his passport, thereby denying him the right to travel and to earn money abroad. Robeson filed a lawsuit for reinstatement of his passport. In 1958 the Supreme Court agreed with Robeson, ruling that the State Department could not deny citizens the right to travel because of their political beliefs. This lesson relates to Article I, Section 9, of the U.S. Constitution, which states that the migration of people should not be prohibited by Congress, and to the First… [PDF]

Molloy, Molly E., Comp. (1996). Internet Resources for Latin America. This directory compiles information products and services and other resources pertaining to Latin America that were available on the Internet as of February 1996. Part 1 lists 15 World Wide Web (WWW) URLs that link to other subject or geographical lists of Internet sites providing Latin American resources. Part 2 lists approximately 115 information products and services available from universities, government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations, primarily in Latin America and the United States Southwest. Most resources are accessible via WWW, gopher, or FTP. The sites are fairly stable and offer unique databases, documents, directories, and other resources useful for Latin American research. Topics include bilingual education, national and regional news, economic and environmental issues related to the United States-Mexico border, academic and research networks, country databases, travel and cultural programs, Chicano and Latino research, technology and telecommunications,… [PDF]

(1996). Community Development and Research. Aboriginal Peoples Collection = Developpement Communautaire et Recherches. Collection sur les Autochtones. This report provides Canadian Aboriginal communities with information and resources for carrying out participatory action research and applying the results to community development. Presented in English and French, the report is based on a literature review and a 2-day focus group involving 14 community development experts, Aboriginal community members, academic researchers, and federal agency staff. Part 1 defines the elements of community-controlled development, discusses the role of the federal government in Aboriginal community development, and recommends community action materials. Examples include innovative community-based solutions to family violence and abuse and development of a tribal justice system and a community-based youth court. Part 2 examines research issues, focusing on the community's relationship with outside researchers and consultants, decisions about research needs and relevance, funding, and research ethics. This section also presents steps in doing a…

Blandy, Doug, Ed.; Congdon, Kristin G., Ed. (1991). Pluralistic Approaches to Art Criticism. Contributors to this anthology analyze the contemporary academic methods for critiquing art and suggest new ways that might further the understandings of art created by diverse individuals and groups. Essays are organized into three sections. Part 1, \Changes and Extensions in Critical Approaches\ includes essays: (1) \Beyond Universalism in Art Criticism\ (Karen A. Hamblen); (2) \Feminist Approaches to Art Criticism\ (Kristin G. Congdon); (3) \Criticism of Computer Art: The Implications of Interactivity\ (Linda F. Ettinger); (4) \The Poetics of Green Esthetics: Situating 'Green Criticism' in the Postmodern Condition\ (Jan Jagodzinski); (5) \Two Futures for Vernacular Architecture\ (Howard Davis). Part 2, \Valuing Diverse Critical Expression,\ presents: (6) \Pluralism in African American Aesthetics and Art Criticism\ (Paulette Spruill Fleming); (7) \Criticizing Art with Others\ (Terry Barrett); (8) \Toward an Understanding of Skin Art\ (John Wilton); (9) \Women Artists and Their…

Abery, Brian; And Others (1997). Yes I Can: A Social Inclusion Curriculum for Students with and without Disabilities. Instructor's Guide. This curriculum to foster the inclusion of students with disabilities is designed to be offered by educators in junior and senior high school settings. It is intended to bring together students with and without disabilities for classroom instruction, discussion, and experiential learning. The experiential component pairs students with disabilities who are experiencing social isolation and peers who serve as inclusion facilitators, in order to plan and participate in social and recreational activities in the community, identify and minimize barriers to inclusion, and expand students' social skills and options. The introduction offers guidelines for initiating and implementing the program, including getting administrative support and recruiting students. The 20 lessons combine disability-specific information with interpersonal skill building and practical experience in community settings. Among the topics covered by the lessons are: how people are alike, myths and misconceptions,… [PDF]

Sprenger, Joyce (1992). Okiciyapo Hechel Lena Oyate Kin Nipi Kte (Help Each Other That These People May Live). Facilitating Academic Attainment in Adolescent Sioux Students in the Public School Systems in South Dakota. This paper reviews educational problems affecting American Indian students, particularly problems related to school climate, and describes efforts to improve school climate at Bennett County (South Dakota) High School. This public school serves the county and two reservations. It also accepts transfer students from Bureau of Indian Affairs schools in three states. Over half of the students are Lakotas (Sioux). As in other similar schools, problems include poor communication between teachers and some Indian students, poor relationships between the school and Indian parents, lack of Indian teachers, racial distrust, high Indian poverty rates, language problems, cultural differences between students and teachers, low participation in extracurricular activities by Indian students, alcohol abuse, student alienation, and low student self-esteem. Approaches to these problems by other school districts have included multicultural curriculum reform, efforts to make materials and course…

(1994). Women in Development: We as Agents of Social Change. Proceedings of the International Forum on Intercultural Exchange (3rd, Saitama [Japan], December 17-19, 1993). The third International Forum on Intercultural Exchange focused on four important issues for developing nations: literacy education, environmental protection, economic activities, and violence against women. In all of these areas, women are striving for social change as agents and beneficiaries of development. Following the conference agenda, the following papers are presented in this English version of the proceedings: (1) "Women in Development: What Are Agents of Social Change?" (Hiroko Hara) (keynote address); (2) "Literacy and Status of Women" (Akihiro Chiba); (3) "Tackling with Literacy Education" (Akihiro Chiba); (4) "Literacy Education in Nigeria" (Teresa Ebuzaju Chukuma); (5) "Women's Participation in Social Forestry: A Case Study in Nepal" (Yumiko Tanaka); (6) "Women's Role in Natural Resource Management in Africa" (Eva Rathgeber); (7) "Mainstreaming Women's Economic Activities in Development Policy Making and… [PDF]