(1985). School Desegregation Spurs First Housing Desegregation Gain in Forty Years in Louisville and Jefferson County. Three Decades of Increased Segregation Erased between 1970 and 1980. Staff Report 85-8. This report describes housing desegregation gains in Louisville and Jefferson County, Kentucky, largely caused by school desegregation. The work of Judge James F. Gordon, who presided over the school desegregation plan, is cited as instrumental in aiding in this process. He ruled that no child in the minority in a neighborhood would be used for desegregation purposes, which in effect provided encouragement to black families to move into white school attendance areas, thus desegregating neighborhoods. The report finds the following desegregation gains in Louisville and Jefferson County: (1) In 1970, 15 census tracts were all white, and by 1980 the number was cut in half; (2) the percentage of black residents increased in 78.5% of the census tracts between 1970 and 1980; (3) the number of blacks living in suburban areas of Jefferson County increased by 275% between 1970 and 1980; (4) Louisville's desegregation status in 1980 was close to the national average; (5) housing desegregation…
(1985). Black Teachers Lose Employment Ground, 1954-84. Staff Report 84-4. Black teachers lost employment ground while White teachers gained employment ground in Kentucky's public schools between 1953-54 and 1983-84. The number of Black teachers rose by 181 while the number of White teachers rose by 13,672, an average net increase of one Black teacher for every 76 White teachers. The percentage of Black teachers declined steadily, from 6.8 percent to 4.5 percent. (If not for the Jefferson County Public Schools, which employed 400 more Black teachers during 1984 than the Jefferson County and Louisville districts combined during 1954, the number of Blacks teaching in Kentucky's public schools would have declined by 219.) The Black teacher gap grew enormously, from 96 more Black teachers than needed to reach parity between the percentages of Black teachers and students to a shortfall of 1,445 Black teachers. In addition between 1978-79 and 1983-84, Kentucky's public school districts reduced the number of Black teachers for the first time, allowed the…
(1984). Jefferson County School Officials Allow Continued Resegregation, 1983-84. School Compliance and Number of Black Teachers Hit All-Time Lows. Staff Report 84-3. Desegregation in the Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) deteriorated in many key aspects but improved in two others during 1983-84. The percentage of schools out of compliance with student enrollment guidelines rose and the number of black teachers fell to their worst levels since school desegregation began. The number and percentage of black vocational teachers also fell to new lows. On the positive side, the distribution of black teachers among schools, and the number and percentage of black administrators improved over 1982-83. School officials' actions and inaction created seemingly unmanageable problems used to justify replacing the desegregation plan in use since 1975-76 with a revised plan. School administrators will need to disclose full and accurate desegregation data if the community is to succeed in monitoring implementation of any future desegregation plan. (Author)…
(1977). Housing Desegregation Increases as Schools Desegregate in Jefferson County. The number of black pupils living in traditionally all white suburban Jefferson County neighborhoods has increased significantly since 1974. Data taken from school enrollment information indicate a 63 percent increase in the three years from 1974 to 1977. Increases in housing desegregation in suburban areas are complemented by a slight lessening of segregation in the city of Louisville, due mainly to the decrease of black pupils in the city boundaries. Statistics indicating these trends are presented in table form. The statistics are significant because, under the desegregation plan, attendance areas which become sufficiently desegregated to meet court guidelines can become exempted from transportation for the purpose of desegregation. Factors contributing to housing desegregation are analyzed, and the need for broadening fair housing efforts is stressed. (Author/GC)…
(1978). Affirmative Action Cuts Segregation in Public Housing. A Report on Occupancy in 15 Municipal Authorities. Staff Report 78-9. The success of voluntary affirmative action plans adopted by public housing authorities in four Kentucky cities is documented in this report. Progress toward concerted desegregation efforts in other Kentucky cities is cited. Desegregation methods used by Kentucky municipal housing authorities are outlined and their effectiveness is illustrated. Tables depict (1) changes in predominantly black projects; (2) changes in predominantly white projects; and (3) racial occupancy in 15 Kentucky Public Housing Authorities in July 1976 and March 1978. (WI)…
(1978). Black Share of Non-Faculty Jobs Down at Most State Universities–Up at Kentucky State. Blacks' share of non-faculty jobs in Kentucky institutions of higher education is examined in this second in a two-part series on employment in the state university system. The first report in this series was entitled "State University Faculties Stuck on Tokenism in Kentucky." Sections examine: tokenism in non-faculty jobs at state universities; blacks in executive jobs; blacks in technical and professional jobs; black percentage decline at white universities; high-paying jobs and faculty tokenism; women in the job market; and the effort of instltutions to improve their employment policies for blacks. Tables provide information on numbers and percentages of blacks hired in various positions and employment figures on females hired in various positions. Appendices cover employees, by sex, race/ethnicity (1975 and 1977); and new hirees for 1977 for the following positions: executive, administrative and managerial; professional non-faculty; technical and paraprofessional;…
CRISIS IN NORFOLK. THE SCHOOL CRISIS IN NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, LASTED 5 MONTHS DURING WHICH TIME 10,000 CHILDREN WERE DENIED EDUCATION BECAUSE OF CLOSED SCHOOLS. FEWER THAN 4,500 STUDENTS WENT TO MAKE-SHIFT TUTORING GROUPS, 1,600 OF THEM TRANSFERRED TO SCHOOLS OUTSIDE THE CITY. SCHOOL CLOSING DISRUPTED FAMILY LIFE, WEAKENED COMMUNITY RELATIONS, AND HURT BUSINESS. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FAILURE IN THE NORFOLK SCHOOL CRISIS WAS THAT OF ESTABLISHED LEADERSHIP. VIRGINIA'S GOVERNOR HAD MADE IT CLEAR IN HIS GUBERNATORIAL CAMPAIGN THAT PUBLIC SCHOOLS WOULD BE CLOSED BEFORE THEY WOULD BE ALLOWED TO OPEN AS INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS. YET MOST PEOPLE WERE RELUCTANT TO FACE THE FACT THAT INTEGRATION WAS UPON THEM AND THAT THE STATE POLICY REPRESENTED AN IMPENDING DANGER TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. IN THE SUMMER OF 1958, BEFORE THE CRISIS IN THE FALL, A HANDFUL OF MEN AND WOMEN, WHO LATER FORMED THE NORFOLK COMMITTEE FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION, WENT TO THE MAYOR TO DISCUSS THE COMING SCHOOL SITUATION. ALTHOUGH GREETED WITH ACCEPTANCE…
(1980). Housing and School Desegregation Increased by Section 8 Moves. Under Public Housing Program Most Black Families Chose Jefferson County Suburbs. Staff Report 80-1. The Section 8 housing assistance program in Jefferson County, Kentucky, is a Federally funded program designed to expand the housing choices of low to moderate income families. This report provides an analysis of all moves made in Jefferson County between 1975 and 1979 by participants in the program, as they relate to the county's school desegregation plan. High school attendance areas were used for geographic reference. The study indicated that the program has been responsible for major demographic changes in the racial character of the Jefferson County community. In several areas of the city, it has allowed the school board to reduce the amount of transportation necessary to achieve school desegregation. In other areas, it has created population shifts that necessitate additional student transportation. Tables of data and maps are included. (MK)…
(1980). Blacks Moving to Suburban Apartments. Changes in Formerly All-White Areas Aid School Desegregation. Staff Report 80-6. This report, an analysis of the effects of housing patterns on school desegregation in Jefferson County, Kentucky, was based on data from Multiple Dwelling Reporting forms filed annually by owners and managers of 25 or more apartment units. High school attendance areas were used for geographic reference. Reports indicated that blacks are moving into suburban areas in increasing numbers and are renting more expensive apartments (compared to 1975 data). Fewer apartments were segregated in 1979 than in 1975. The movement made by blacks has had a positive effect in reducing the amount of busing needed to desegregate Jefferson County Schools. (MK)…
(1980). Black Employment in Kentucky State Agencies. More Blacks Employed But Salary Gap Widens. Staff Report 80-3. Statistics regarding black employment in Kentucky State agencies as of November, 1979 were examined. Data indicated that the number of blacks employed by the State increased since 1977. Nine agencies employed 91 percent of all blacks in the government, while ten agencies remained all white. One-half of all blacks in the State government were employed by the Department for Human Resources. The number of blacks working in health related fields increased by five percent during the past two years. Salary gaps were found to exist between black and white workers. While blacks made up 6.6 percent of the work force, they earned 5.2 percent of the State payroll. The average salary difference was $2,689 per year. Five departments had salary gaps of over $6,000 per annum. Almost three-fourths of all blacks and one-half of all whites in the State government earned less than $900 per month. Of the 1,968 different job categories in State government, blacks worked in 466. The largest job category…
(1980). Jefferson County School Desegregation Unfinished. Pupil Desegregation Increases But Teacher Gaps Remain. Report for 1978-79 and 1979-80. Staff Report 80-2. Statistical data on student and faculty desegregation supplied by the Jefferson County (Kentucky) Board of Education for the 1978-79 and 1979-80 school years were analyzed. The number of schools not in compliance with school desegregation guidelines was reduced between 1978-79 and 1979-80. The inclusion of first graders in the desegregation plan brought all but twelve schools within the desegregation guidelines for pupil enrollment. Attendance zone adjustments were prepared for the 1980-81 school year to further increase student desegregation. Desegregation criteria for teacher assignments were not met in most high schools and vocational schools, but most elementary and middle schools met, or were close to meeting, faculty desegregation criteria. Every high school and 16 of the 22 middle schools had biracial administrative staffs in 1979-80. (MK)…
(1980). Most Kentucky Cities Reduce Public Housing Segregation. Staff Report 80-4. Recent trends related to the racial desegregation of public housing in Kentucky are described in this report. The following findings are highlighted: (1) in 1979, no Kentucky cities operated totally segregated public housing; (2) the Murray Housing Authority operated the State's most segregated public housing as of July 1979, with Hazard, Owensboro, Mayfield, Madisonville, Lexington, Elizabethtown, Hickman, Louisville, and Pineville following close behind; (3) four cities that were on the "ten most segregated" lists in 1976 (Russellville, Hopkinsville, Newport, and Henderson) sufficiently reduced their segregation to be removed from the 1979 list; (4) the voluntary adoption of Affirmative Action Tenant Placement Plans has resulted in dramatic progress toward public housing desegregation in several Kentucky cities, most notably Hopkinsville; and (5) in 1979, there were still thirteen public housing sites in Kentucky where all tenants were of one race, though both blacks and…
(2000). Fingers to the Bone: United States Failure To Protect Child Farmworkers. Agricultural work is the most hazardous and grueling area of employment open to U.S. children and is also the least protected. Adolescent farmworkers labor under more dangerous conditions than their peers working in nonagricultural settings and also face persistent wage exploitation and fraud. These adolescent workers are protected less under U.S. law than juveniles in safer occupations. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) allows children working on farms to be employed at a younger age than children performing other jobs; to work unlimited hours, even when school is in session; and to engage in hazardous work at a younger age. The FLSA's bias against farmworker children amounts to de facto race-based discrimination as 85 percent of farmworkers are minorities. Discrimination in legal protection leads directly to deprivation of other rights, most notably the right to education and to health and safety. U.S. law and practice contravene various international laws. Even the limited…
(2010). Psychiatric Advance Directives and Social Workers: An Integrative Review. Social Work, v55 n2 p157-167 Apr. Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) are legal documents that allow individuals to express their wishes for future psychiatric care and to authorize a legally appointed proxy to make decisions on their behalf during incapacitating crises. PADs are viewed as an alternative to the coercive interventions that sometimes accompany mental health crises for people with mental illness. Insofar as coercive interventions can abridge clients' autonomy and self-determination–values supported by the NASW \Code of Ethics\–social workers have a vested interest in finding ways to reduce coercion and increase autonomy and self-determination in their practice. However, PADs are also viewed as having the potential to positively affect a variety of other clinical outcomes, including, but not limited to, treatment engagement, treatment satisfaction, and working alliance. This article reviews the clinical and legal history of PADs and empirical evidence for their implementation and effectiveness…. [Direct]
(2009). In the Eye of a Divorce Storm: Examining the Modern Challenge for Irish Schools Educating Children of Divorced and Separated Families. Irish Educational Studies, v28 n3 p351-365 Sep. The rising divorce rate in Irish society has consequences which are resonating beyond the family, and schools can find themselves caught in the eye of the storm, having to communicate with parents in conflict over the custody of their children. This article considers the obligations on schools in such a situation, in the context Irish family law, the education rights of parents and the "partnership" approach now central in Irish education law and policy. It also explores the potential liability of schools with respect to the issue of parental child abduction. (Contains 23 notes.)… [Direct]