Bohlender, Pat; Calhoun, Peggy; Goemer, Phil; Inman, Sondra; Kilgore, Cherryl; McManigal, Lori; Neergaard, Hope; Peppler, Colleen; Wateman, Linda (2002). Colorado Teen Challenges and Choices Curriculum State Content Standards for Consumer & Family Studies. This document presents materials and guidelines for evaluating Colorado high school students' attainment of the eight state standards for consumer and family studies that pertain to teen challenges and choices. The materials presented are designed to promote and evaluate students' mastery of the following competencies: (1) examine and demonstrate personal power by exploring self-concept, peer pressure, personal responsibility, communication, and decision-making skills; (2) investigate and analyze behaviors leading to a lifestyle of total wellness; (3) examine personal skills needed to effectively manage personal and family relationships; (4) understand human growth and development and the issues involved in personal sexual decision making; (5) recognize rights and responsibilities as defined by the law; (6) identify characteristics of destructive behaviors and their consequences while exploring various coping strategies; (7) utilize information for handling health and emergency… [PDF]

Tyler, Ralph W. (1983). The Tasks of UCEA for the '80's. Since its inception in 1959, the University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA) has helped to unite theory and practice, integrate relevant work from other disciplines, and improve training programs for educational administrators. UCEA can make significant contributions in the 1980's both by attacking substantive problems and by enlarging the profession's intellectual resources. In the latter category, historical perspectives can be applied to interpreting present problems. For example, the responses of public education to recessions of the past may be informative. Current ethical issues on which UCEA can focus inquiry include children's rights and the state's interest in education. UCEA can also enlist the findings of other disciplines to the study of leadership development. Finally, UCEA can draw upon research on human communications to replace the reliance of many administrators' reports on public relations conventions. Specific issues UCEA can address include helping…

Crocker, Allen C., Comp.; And Others (1989). Public Policy Affirmations Affecting the Planning and Implementation of Developmental Services for Children and Adults with HIV Infection. The increasing number of individuals infected with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has created a need to examine public policy issues and to further efforts in planning, implementing, and evaluating services for individuals with HIV infection and their families. A working conference was convened, which identified several issues regarding HIV infection in special populations. Conference work groups formulated policy recommendations which are outlined and discussed in the report. These recommendations focus on the following policy areas: (1) service development should represent a partnership between professionals and the involved families; (2) no child or adult should be denied access to services due to infection with HIV; (3) the infected child or adult has a right to confidentiality concerning HIV status; (4) the individual who has both HIV infection and developmental disability will require an extensive range of services, including special assistance,… [PDF]

Aldinger, Loviah E., Ed.; Warger, Cynthia L., Ed. (1986). Preparing Special Educators for Teacher Consultation. The publication defines the nature of special education consultation and presents various options through which training can be provided by college and university departments of special education. The first three papers present the realities of special education consultation as currently practiced: \Serving Special Children through Teacher Consultation\ (J. C. Conoley), \Setting the Stage for Successful School Consultation\ (L. Idol-Maestas), and \The Teacher Consultant at the Secondary Level: Just Right of Center\ (V. Ryan and R. Kokoszka). The following four papers discuss essential aspects of either the process or the substance of special education consultation: \Consultant Beliefs Which Make a Significant Difference in Consultation\ (A. Menlo), \The Human Dimension of Consultation\ (M. E. Carroll), \Modeling a Process of Problem Identification\ (L. N. Hodgson), and \The Self-Documentation Model: A Process for Consultation with Experienced Teachers in Special Education Practica\… [PDF]

Chin, Jean Lau (1981). Institutional Racism and Mental Health: An Asian-American Perspective. Positive stereotypes of contemporary Asian Americans have negative consequences for this minority group. The belief that Asian Americans are successful and have overcome prejudice and discrimination obscures the historical fact that legislation has curtailed Asian American civil rights and sanctioned harassment of Asians by public authorities and private citizens. Chinese Americans, for instance, currently have lower socioeconomic status than Whites, receive low priority on human services, confront distorted Asian American images in print, and face hostility from other groups. Traditional Chinese cultural values which serve to maintain a sense of Chinese ethnic identity become sources of identity crisis among Chinese Americans who are struggling to adapt to the new environment. Commonly held stereotypes about Asian Americans tend to intensify identity conflicts. These considerations have implications for mental health services for Asian Americans. Mental health professionals working…

Macklin, Robert; Noble, Charles; Oczkowski, Eddie; Smith, Andrew (2002). New Management Practices and Enterprise Training. The changing nature of the demand for training in Australian enterprises adopting new management practices and the implications of those changes for training providers were examined. More than 3,400 private sector enterprises were surveyed by mail, after which follow-up telephone interviews were conducted with 80 human resource practitioners from the original sample. A learning organization, total quality management, and lean production were more common in small- to medium-sized enterprises. Business size was not positively correlated with training practices; however, small businesses tended to develop formal and more innovative methods of training to ensure that the right skills are developed in their workforce. Much training was sourced internally. Many enterprises in the telephone survey sample were undertaking individual training needs analysis and/or introducing performance management systems focusing on individuals' development needs. Training was becoming more formalized with…

DeHart, Jean, Ed.; Logue, Calvin McLeod, Ed. (1997). Representative American Speeches 1996-1997. The Reference Shelf Volume 69 Number 6. This collection of representative speeches delivered by public officials and other prominent persons contains addresses to both large and small organizations, given both on ceremonial occasions and on less formal occasions. The collection contains school commencement addresses, addresses to government bodies, speeches to international organizations, addresses to professional organizations, and speeches given in churches and at conferences. It is divided into the following sections: (1) The Human Community; (2) Religion and Prejudice; (3) Race; (4) Arts and the Humanities; (5) Government; and (6) Foreign Policy. Some of the well-known persons represented in the collection are President William J. Clinton; Warren Christopher; Hillary Rodham Clinton; Senator Edward Kennedy; Senator Carol Moseley-Braun; Janet Reno; Jane Alexander; and Johnetta B. Cole. Several speeches in the collection discuss how to define free speech and describe the particular areas in which First Amendment rights…

Schurink, Evanthe, Ed. (1994). Street Children Quo Vadis? Summary and Resolutions of a Working Conference on the Management of Street Children in the South African Context (South Africa, November 1993). The phenomenon of street children is a growing concern in South Africa. The Human Sciences Research Council and the South African Department of Health and Population Development organized a networking conference in November 1993 as a step toward developing, on a partnership basis, guidelines for policy and strategies in the best interests of street children. Experts on various aspects of the problem presented short papers that became the basis of the small group discussions that were the core of the conference proceedings. This document contains summaries of the six conference papers, the feedback from the different groups, and the resolutions of the working conference. Working groups discussed the following topics: (1) the needs and rights of street children; (2) coordination of services; (3) policy guidelines and existing legislation; (4) public and private partnerships for street children; (5) outreach programs and the role of the outreach worker; (6) assessment of street… [PDF]

Hanna, Jack C.; Maddalena, Gracemarie. (1994). Respect, Reflect, Resolve. Ten Anti-Violence Lessons for Use in Middle and High School. First Edition. This teacher's guide provides 10 interactive lesson plans to educate youth about the consequences of violence. The lessons explore the different kinds of violence in society, conflict resolution through mediation, the behaviors that constitute sexual harassment, statistics on violence, ways to avoid domestic violence and the use of deadly force, the impact of television violence, sentencing enhancement statutes for gang activity, non-violent theories of social change, the problems facing minorities in Germany, and foreign policy alternatives to ethnic violence, civil wars, and genocide. The teaching strategies challenge students to solve problems peaceably through mediation and creative thinking. Beginning with the premises that respect is an unalienable right and that disrespect has no place in a democracy, the first priority of this curriculum is to foster respect for the inherent worth of all human beings. Once respect is established, the second step to avoiding violence is to…

Samet, Jan; And Others (1993). Collection Development Policy. Revised. This policy is intended to serve as a guide for the selection and retention of materials for the Watson Memorial Library of Northwestern State University in Natchitoches (Louisiana) and its two branch facilities in Leesville and Shreveport. The mission of the university, the creation, dissemination, and acquisition of knowledge, is also that of the library, which collects and disseminates knowledge in forms that include print, non-print, and electronic media. Collections represent the spectrum of human thought and endeavor in response to the university's mission to provide a broad liberal education. The library endorses the "Library Bill of Rights" of the American Library Association (ALA) and "Freedom to Read," a joint statement of the ALA and the American Book Publishers' Council. Specific guidelines are given for the following parameters: (1) responsibility for selection and the selection process; (2) levels of collection intensity; (3) selection criteria; (4)… [PDF]

(1990). Developments in Aging: 1989. Volume 2–Appendixes. A Report of the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, Pursuant to S. RES. 66, SEC. 19, February 28, 1989, Resolution Authorizing a Study of the Problems of the Aged and Aging. 101st Congress, 2d Session. This document contains the appendices to the 1989 annual report of the Senate Special Committee on Aging which: (1) describes actions during 1989 by the Congress, the federal administration, and the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, that are significant to America's older citizens; and (2) summarizes and analyzes the federal policies and programs that are of the most continuing importance for older persons, their families, and for those who will become older Americans in the future. Appendix 1 contains the annual report of the Federal Council on Aging. Appendix 2 contains a report from federal departments and agencies, including the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, the Interior, Justice, Labor, State, Transportation, and the Treasury; ACTION; the Commission on Civil Rights; the Consumer Product Safety Commission; the Environmental Protection Agency; the Equal Employment Opportunity…

Palla, Pier Giovanni, Ed. (1984). UNIV-84: The Professions and Society. [Proceedings of the] International University Congress, Rome, April 14-23, 1984. Cooperation in Education: International Quarterly of the Institute for University Cooperation, n45/46 Fall. Proceedings of the 1984 International University Congress (ICU) on the social implications of the university's preparation of professionals are presented. Studies on this topics were undertaken in more than 400 universities in about 40 countries. After Philippe Monod summarizes the activities carried out worldwide, Ana Maria Vergara briefly analyzes the study, with attention to four aspects of professional work, and Alejandro Llano cites reasons for studying professional work. Three interpretations are offered of Pope John Paul II's encyclical on human work ("Laborem Exercens") as it relates to academic life. Passages from the discourses of the Pope during the 1984 Congress are included. Ten recommendations that will be submitted to the United Nations in connection with its Declaration on the Rights and Responsibilities of Youth are also included. Titles and authors of additional conference papers include: "Some Reflections on the Definition of 'Professional'"…

(1988). Maternal, Child Health, and Family Planning Services. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, Second Session (February 25, 1988–Healthy Children: Investing in the Future; April 22, 1988–Title X of the Public Health Service Act). Hearings were held to: (1) receive "Healthy Children: Investing in the Future," an Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) study on cost-effective strategies for improving the health of mothers and children; and (2) consider reauthorization of the Federal Family Planning Program (FFPP), Title X of the Public Health Service Act. This document provides a summary of the OTA study and testimony; the text of the Family Planning Amendments Act of 1987; and testimony on the Federal Family Planning Program. Discussion covers several controversial aspects of the implementation of the FFPP, the legislation in relation to teen pregnancy and increased abortion among teenagers, the National Right to Life Committee's objections to school-based clinics and the legislation's provision of funding for contraceptive development and research, the contraceptive development activities of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the positions of the American College of… [PDF]

Andersen, Peter A.; Stacks, Don W. (1987). Toward a Holistic Neurophysiological Understanding of Intrapersonal Communication. To further the understanding of how the brain operates at the most basic level of interest to human communication theorists, intrapersonal communication, this paper reviews the arguments against the hemispheric dominance theory and for a neurological processing style model of brain functions and then focuses on the impact of the corpus callosum (a thin band of fibers which coordinate the functions of the two hemispheres) as a feature of communication within the brain itself. Topics covered in the paper include the following: (1) the two competing perspectives on the brain–the simple left-brain right-brain view and MacLean's triune brain (reptilian, paleomammalian, and neomammalian); (2) assessment of the intrapersonal communication system by beginning at the preverbal stage; (3) the role of the brain in understanding intrapersonal communication processing; (4) modularity of brain function and intrapersonal communication; (5) interhemispheric cooperation; and (6) interhemispheric… [PDF]

Gartner, Alan; Riessman, Frank (1968). Paraprofessionals, Their Organization, and the Unions. There are probably over 300,000 persons working as paraprofessionals now, most of them in public schools, health institutions, and the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO). In the past year major strides have been made in organizing these human service workers to satisfy their concerns for better services, closer community ties, and new avenues of advancement. Representative of the trend was the formation of a National Association of New Careerists (growing out of the 1968 New Careers National Council) which now has participants in 22 cities. Such associations can work in harmony with present public service unions in education, health, welfare, and government employment. Minimum demands such as training, upgrading, and changing of testing requirements are not antithetical to traditional union positions, while such demands as participation, community involvement, change in the character of service, and rights of workers in a broader sense may require the new types of organization…. [PDF]

(1976). Survival and Enrichment of Man. Social Science Curriculum Guide, Grades 7-12. Designed to demonstrate how changing value systems affect individuals, the social studies guide suggests materials, resources, and activities to classroom teachers. The major objective of the guide is to help students gain in maturity and develop the ability to deal with values. The document is presented in 27 chapters. The first five chapters introduce values clarification strategies. Values identified as particularly important in social studies include human dignity, freedom, national security, majority rule, protection of minority rights, patriotism, and intelligent use of resources. Chapter six lists 11 basic economic concepts and relates them to values education by stating that individuals make economic decisions on the basis of personal goals. The other chapters present activities on (1) 7th grade geography; (2) American history for 8th grade students; (3) Mississippi history and government for grade 9; (4) world culture for grade 10; (5) American history and economics for…

(1998). Decision Making at College of the Canyons: A Practical Handbook for You To Use. College of the Canyons, California, is the only public institution of higher learning in the Santa Clarita Valley, and serves a 367-square mile area. This publication addresses the issues of planning, long-range strategic goals, and decision-making as they pertain to the College. The College has identified the strategic goals areas for 1998-2001 as Teaching and Learning; Student Support; Cultural Diversity; Human Resources; Institutional Advancement; Institutional Effectiveness; Financial Stability; Physical Resources; Campus Climate; Technical Advancement; and Innovation. The document also identifies local board policy on collegial consultation, including (1) What is meant by the term "shared governance"? (2) What needs to be done by local boards and academic senates to implement the regulations to ensure the right of academic senates to assume primary responsibility for making recommendations in the areas of academic and professional matters? (3) In adopting or modifying… [PDF]

Brown, Kara D. (2000). Learning To Integrate: The Education of Russian-Speakers in Estonia, 1918-2000. This thesis, covering the years 1918-2000, is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the interwar history of non-Estonian education with particular emphasis on the diversity of the non-Estonian population, the legislation protecting the right of minority groups to mother tongue instruction, and the inclusion of Estonian language and civics courses in the curricula of non-Estonian schools. Chapter 2 examines the Soviet period with an emphasis on population shifts, the destruction of all non-Russian minority education, and the lack of attention to Estonian language in the Russian school curriculum. This chapter considers the debates over language and education in Estonia during the "glastnost" period. Chapter 3 examines the post-communist reforms in language education with particular attention to varying conceptions of integration, the need for improved Estonian-language programs in Russian schools, resistance to governmental reform, and the lack of material and human… [PDF]

Bartram, John D. (1999). Improving Systems Providing Education and Training throughout Life. Flexible Access to Technical and Vocational Education throughout Life. A large majority of the world's people are denied access to learning. The link between technical and vocational education (TVE) and individual and workplace economic productivity is well documented. Many countries are experiencing combinations of increasing populations of young people and high unemployment rates. Existing traditions of training and available human and financial resources provide little hope of providing access to TVE to the large numbers of people who need it worldwide. Change is essential to meeting the demands of enterprises that require a skilled workforce and people in need of TVE so that they can become economically productive. Challenges facing those seeking to improve access to TVE include the following: (1) development of alternative methodologies (combining the best of distance education with the best of TVE, developing learning materials appropriate to students' gender and level of schooling, resolving issues related to intellectual property rights and… [PDF]

Hampton, Hayes (1995). "The Crack between Nature Illusory and Nature Real": Matilda Joslyn Gage's Visions of Feminist Spirit. Born in Cicero, New York, in 1826, Matilda Joslyn Gage became one of the leaders of the American women's rights movement. Her book "Woman, Church, and State," first published in 1893, is a work of feminist history and theory that anticipates many of the feminist critiques which are now familiar: social class, imperialism, sexual violence, and the nature of private property, as well as the nature of patriarchal language, epistemology, and religion. Gage tells the story of development, an archaeological narrative of the manner in which human females came to be defined (and confined) as women, and concerns herself with women as spiritual beings. The church has been, Gage says, the "deluder of the weak and the succor of the strong," a reflection of male dominance. Gage proposed a revaluation of spiritual values that would allow women to decide for themselves what the truth is, based on their own reason and investigation. For Gage, social evolution resembles today's… [PDF]

Banks, James A., Ed. (1996). Multicultural Education, Transformative Knowledge and Action: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Multicultural Education Series. The 18 chapters of this book document persistent themes in the struggle for human freedom in the United States since the late nineteenth century, as exemplified in the scholarship and actions of people of color and their white supporters. One theme is that the margins of U.S. society, to which people of color have often been confined, have usually been the sites for preserving and defending the freedoms and rights stated in the country's founding documents when they were most severely challenged. The conceptual framework around which the book is organized and the historical roots of multicultural education are described in part 1. Part 2 presents case studies of individuals whose work exemplifies the contributions of multicultural education. In part 3, the work of women scholars and activists in transforming society is discussed. Part 4 describes the rise and fall of the intergroup education movement and research related to prejudice in the 1930s and 1940s. The final section, part…

Sumner, David E. (1993). The Media's Role in a Nonviolent Movement: The Nashville Student Movement. Students from Nashville, Tennessee's four black higher educational institutions organized and carried out sit-ins at lunch counters of downtown department stores beginning February 1, 1960. They wanted the lunch counters opened to customers of all races. The students used press coverage to convey the nonviolent character of their movement. Because their success depended on public support, it was necessary to use the media to convey both their message–human justice and equality–and their nonviolent tactics. Because civil rights demonstrations were perceived as being associated with violence, it was important for the public to see that the students were its victims rather than its perpetuators. The morality play of the sit-ins was made-to-order for the media. The sympathetic treatment received by the students was not due to an inherently sympathetic, white-dominated media. It followed a subtle, but predictable tendency in news media coverage to make events follow a predictable… [PDF]

(1983). Science. Elementary and Middle School Curriculum Objectives. This document lists science objectives for Boston elementary and middle school students. All objectives are presented in two columns. The left-hand column states each objective in general terms and gives an idea of its scope. The right-hand column, giving a specific example of what students should be able to do when the objective is achieved, serves to clarify each objective; in addition, the illustrations in this column are intended to make the objectives more vivid, suggest possible activities and sources, and break up text material. More illustrations are provided for lower than for middle grades. Objectives for kindergarten through grade 6 are divided into the same major sections: science experiences; science skills and processes; science and society; life science; human biology and health; physical science; earth science; astronomy; and science reading (with reading lists for grades 1, 3, and 5). Objectives in grades 7 and 8 focus primarily on the physical and life sciences…

Seeley, David S. (1987). Values Education: Common Sense and Bugaboos. Three \bugaboos\ frighten schools to the degree that they do not use common sense to implement values education curricula in the public schools. These bugaboos are the problematic issues of prayer, piety, and pluralism. They are not necessarily barriers. School administrators and boards of education should inform themselves so they will be able to avoid their problematic aspects when developing values education programs. Common sense suggests that any human society must teach values to children. Schools cannot avoid transmitting values to students. The \how to\ of moral education, though, often requires more than common sense. Direct instruction in what the school views as right and wrong, including the value dimensions of the hidden curriculum, will work only if a relationship of mutual respect exists between a school and its students. Self-image is a key to moral development. Citizenship education should be based on instruction in history and, to some extent, philosophy, and not…

(1986). Foster Care: Use of Funds for Youths Placed in the Rite of Passage Program. This report reviews the use of federal foster care funds under Title IV-E of the Social Security Act for emotionally disturbed and delinquent adolescent boys placed in the Rite of Passage (ROP) program which operates three facilities on Indian land in Nevada. The report indicates: (1) California counties paid about $434,000 in Title IV-E funds for 39 placements claimed as federally eligible as of May 31, 1986; (2) while the program is licensed and is a nonprofit, private institution, the Department of Health and Human Services has not yet determined whether the facility is operated primarily for reasons other than the detention of delinquents; (3) the Indian tribes use California and tribal standards (admission policies, safety, sanitation, and protection of civil rights) to license facilities but do not document inspection for compliance with all their licensing standards; (4) California counties generally meet case review and reunification service requirements; and (5) California… [PDF]

Neely, Margery A. (1987). Decisions of Student Affairs Administrators: Ethical or Legal Basis?. In higher education, trends in student affairs administration have gone from an \obedience\ stage through a \due process\ stage and back to a contractual \law and order\ stage. Today, being an agent of the institution means paying attention to legal implications because of the threat of lawsuits. The Ethics section from a Council for Advancement of Standards for Student Services/Development 1986 newsletter lists ethical standards covering: (1) confidentiality; (2) the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act regarding student records; (3) human subjects research; (4) fair access to services; (5) conflict of interest; (6) handling of funds; (7) sexual harassment; and (8) limits of expertise. While the Family Privacy Act and sexual harassment law are legal regulations, the other standards are also legal issues, seated in regulations, statutes, or case law. It remains to be determined whether adherence to laws and orders that have a liberal orientation is the same as having higher…

Canipe, Stephen L. (1982). Human Succession. Learning Activities for Environmental Education. Materials contained in this activity package are designed to provide teachers with a method of approaching a complex environmental question. That question centers on the return to the \good life\ of the country. The two activities in the package provide a different view of this question than the most commonly accepted one. The first activity (\Human Succession: The Utterly Dismal Theory\) focuses on American Indian culture as related to the theory which states that while people dominate at this moment in time, they are altering their environment and, at some future point, will become extinct, giving way to dominance by another organism. The second activity (\Primitive Cultures: A Return to the Good Life?\) focuses on the relationships between primitive cultures and their environments. There are no right or wrong ways to approach the issues considered in the activities since there are different points of view. The procedure for using the activities is simple, involving use of values…

(1974). Consumer Economics and Law: An Outline of Content for an Elective Course in Grades 9-12 Social Studies. An Instructional Bulletin. The pamphlet offers unit-by-unit outlines for a high school course in consumer economics. The 20 objectives of the course stress ability to: assess the proper use of human and material resources, understand the consumer's role in the market system, distinguish the difference between needs and wants, recognize the efficacy of interacting with citizens in the community in order to broaden understanding of mutual problems, know the proper use of consumer credit, plan a voluntary savings and retirement program, learn of public and private consumer protection agencies, and understand basic economic principles. There are 15 unit outlines in the pamphlet. Each presents general topics only; there are no specified activities or discussion questions. For example, in the outline for the unit on laws to protect consumers, seven main topics are presented. These include individual legal rights, agencies to seek help from, warranties, and simple contracts. Each topic has several sub-headings, such…

Sowell, Thomas (1976). Dissenting from Liberal Orthodoxy: A Black Scholar Speaks for the \Angry Moderates.\ Reprint Number 59. Racial issues such as busing and affirmative action are not supported by most black people despite contrary insinuations by the media. Court ordered busing was not implicit in the 1954 Supreme Court decision which struck down state-imposed segregation. As a result we now have a situation that goes counter to the intent of the original decision. The grand delusion of contemporary liberals is that they have both the right and ability to move fellow creatures around like blocks of wood, in effect denying other peoples' humanity. A similar approach to human problems is applied in the labor market in the Federal affirmative action program. Affirmative action quotas are supposed to compensate minorities and women for past injustices, but there is very little hard evidence that they have that effect. In other related issues the helplessness of the poor, particularly the blacks, is repeatedly invoked to defeat proposed reforms that would enable these people to make their own decisions and…

(1978). Look into Crowds. This booklet is designed to help British teachers introduce concepts of crowds to young students. Elementary school students will better understand issues of crowd behavior such as rural to urban migration and crowding in urban areas if they realize that all crowds are composed of individual human beings. Teachers can help students become familiar with the nature of crowds by encouraging them to participate in class discussions and individual research projects on topics such as crowded cities, housing a crowd, crowds at play, crowds drawn together for political or military purposes, participation in special in-crowds, and entertainment crowds. Students can be directed to discuss questions regarding disadvantages of city living, reasons people leave rural areas to move to the city, the right of people to live wherever they want, and the role of government and charity organizations in providing services to poor people. Students can also be involved in activities such as observing…